Airbus A380 and Company Airbus Company

i Ministry of Higher Education Colleges of Applied Sciences (Salalah) Department of International Business Administration International Business Environment (BUSN 3401) SPRING SEMESTER 7 (2012 – 2013) BOEING COMPANY Name: Mohammed Ahmed Salim al-moqimi ID number: 2008399331 TABLE OF CONTENTS: Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS:2 INTRODCTION:4 BACKGROUND OF BOEING COMPANY:5 Mission:6 Vision:6 Objective:6 COMPETITOR ANALYSIS:7 SWOT:9 Strengths:10 Weaknesses:11 Threats Implications:11 Opportunities:12 THE STRATEGY:13The problems that the company faced are:13 The causes of problems are:13 Action planning:13 Alternative strategy:14 PEST ENVIRONMENT:14 Politics, Legislation:15 Economy, Business Environment:15 Socio-Cultural and demographic forces:15 Technology:16 Competitive forces:16 Physical and natural forces:16 CONCLUSION:18 RECOMMENDATION:19 REFERENCES:20 INTRODCTION: Nowadays, business is vitally affected by the economic, social, legal, technological and political factors. These facto rs collectively form business environment.Business environment is the total of all external forces, which affect the organization and operations of business. The environment of an organization has got internal, operational and general lives managers must be aware of these three environmental levels and their relationship and importance. Therefore, I will talk about Boeing Company as an example. Boeing Company is American Company. It was founded in 1916. Boeing consider as the world's largest aerospace company and leading manufacturer of commercial jetliners and defense, space and security systems.The company design and make rotorcrafts, electronics, defense systems, missiles, satellites, launch vehicles and information and communication system. The biggest competitors of this company Airbus Company. Airbus is one of the world's leading aircraft manufacturers and it consistently captures approximately half or more of all orders. In the coming lines, I will talk about the following po ints which are the background of Boeing Company, mission, vision and its objective SOWT analysis, competitor analysis, action planning, strategies, and the effect of the PEST environment forces on that company.BACKGROUND OF BOEING COMPANY: Boeing consider as the world's largest aerospace company and leading manufacturer of commercial jetliners and defense, space and security systems. A top American exporter, the company supports airlines and American. and allied government customers in more than ninety countries. The Boeing products and tailored services include commercials and military aircrafts, satellites, weapons, electronics and defense systems, launch systems, advanced information and communication systems, and erformance-based logistics and training. Boeing Company has a long tradition of aerospace leadership and innovation. Company continues to expand its product line and services to meet emerging customer needs. Its broad range of capabilities includes creating new and more efficient members of its commercial airplane family; integrating military platforms, defense systems and the warfighter through network-enabled solutions, creating advanced technology solutions and arranging innovative customer-financing options.With corporate offices in Chicago, the company employs more than 159,000 people across the United States and in 70 countries. This represents one of the most diverse, talented and innovative workforces anywhere. More than 123,000 employees hold college degrees, including nearly 32,000 advanced degrees and in virtually every business and technical field from approximately 2,700 colleges and universities worldwide. Our enterprise leverages the talents of hundreds of thousands more skilled people working for Boeing suppliers worldwide.Boeing is classified into two business units: Boeing Commercial Airplanes and Boeing Defense, Space and Security. Supporting this units are Boeing Capital Corporation, a global provider of financing solutions; th e Shared Services Group, which provides a broad range of services to the company worldwide; and Boeing Engineering, Operations & Technology, which helps develop, acquire, apply and protect innovative technologies and processes. Mission: The mission of the company is to maximize the number of services and opportunities while establishing Boeing’s leadership in NMA activities.Functions that control Boeing are business development and strategy, communications, engineering, operations and technology, finance/shared services group/Boeing capital corporation, human resources administration, international, law and offices of internal governance and public policy. So Boeing Company has many values work to achieve it. First, Leadership is the world class leader in every aspect of our business and in developing our team leadership skills at every level, in our management performance; in the way it design and build support our products and in our financial results.Secondly, Integrity is always takes the high road by practicing the highest ethical standards and by honoring our commitments. It takes personal responsibility for our actions and treats everyone fairly and with trust and respect: Third, the Quality of striving for continuous improvement. So that it take rank among the world’s premier industrial firms in customer; employee and community satisfaction. Finally, Customer satisfactions are essential to our success. Vision: It seeks redressing from the other for unfair government subsidies in the development of new airplanes.Also, it is important for people to work as a global enterprise for aerospace leadership â€Å"People Working Together as One Global Company for Aerospace Leadership. Also, it works hard to develop the education for her employees. Objective: 1. Improve Performance: †¢ Sponsor outstanding dinner meetings and special events. †¢ Exploit multi-media member communications. †¢ Provide effective NMA metrics and reporting. †¢ Address direct support of Boeing’s business goals. 1. Spearhead Expansion †¢ Team with current chapters. †¢ Maintain and increase membership. 2. Implement Training Provide regular development seminar †¢ Apply NMA training tools and courses. 3. Support education and community †¢ Award high school scholarships. †¢ Speech Contest. †¢ Hold Explore Engineering Programs. †¢ Support volunteer activities. 4. Ensure Recognition †¢ Acknowledge Boeing leaders. †¢ Reward chapter contributors. COMPETITOR ANALYSIS: Airbus is an aircraft manufacturing subsidiary of EADS, a European aerospace company. Based in Blanca, France, near Toulouse and with significant activity across Europe, the company produces around half of the world's jet airliners.Airbus Industry began as a consortium of European aviation firms to compete with American companies such as Boeing. Airbus Industries were formally established on 18 December 1970. It had been forme d by a government initiative between France, Germany and the UK that originated in 1967. In the commercial airline business Boeing operates in a duopoly with Airbus. Airbus has been the largest producer of large commercial jetliners for many years, but Boeing has been gaining ground since recent problems at Airbus, especially the 2005-6 massive production delay for the A380.The delay gave Boeing a large advantage in the market for wide body aircrafts which include Boeing's successful 747, 777, and 787 models. Although the Boeing has pushed back the first flight and delivery of the 787, the Airbus 380 delays have been far more substantial. Still, even with Airbus' problems, the race is far from over and competition remains intense between the two companies. In February 2007, the U. S. Air Force awarded a controversial $35 billion air refueling tanker contract to rival Northrop Grumman (NOG) that was widely expected to go to Boeing.During March of 2007, Boeing had filed a formal appea l against the deal with the Government Accountability Office. In June of 2008, the GAO sustained Boeing's appeal against the Air Force and effectively reopened the contract for bidding. As of August, Boeing is currently requesting an extension past the October 1st deadline in order to alter its design to meet the government's new specifications. Airbus employs around 52,000 people at sixteen sites in four European Union countries: Germany, France, the United Kingdom and Spain. In this table I will show you some statistic about Boeing and Airbus Industrie: Company |1994 Sales in $m |1994 Earnings in $m |Market Share % | |Boeing |16,851 |1,022 |62 | |Airbus Industrie |8,000 |N/A |24 | |Company |Gross orders |Cancellations |Net orders | |Boeing |120 |46 |74 | |Airbus Industrie |125 |54 |71 |SWOT: SWOT Analysis of Boeing Company is defined as a framework used extensively for an assessment of the internal as well as external business environment as a part of the strategic or corporate pl anning process. The framework is including the firm's strengths & weaknesses as part of internal environment assessment and opportunities & threats as part of the external environment assessment that aids strategic decision making which may include macroeconomic matters, technological change, legislation, and socio-cultural Changes, as well as changes in the marketplace or competitive position. Strengths |Weaknesses | |Workforces and planning |Loss | |Innovation |Lack of technological innovations | |Management system |Threats of Substitute Products or Services | |Leadership |Competition of trains | |Knowledge |Affect of technology development | |Highly Skilled Managers | | |Provide global customer support | | |Outsourcing | | |High quality of products | |good services | | |Threats |Opportunities | |Competitor |Market developments | |Trade Barriers |Competitors' vulnerabilities | |Deregulation of Airlines |Industry or lifestyle trends | |Threats of Substitute Products or Services |Technology development and innovation Global influences | |threat of the Airbus |Information and research | |Lack of planning |New aircraft to gain market share | | |Increase demand for point to point routes | Strengths: 1- Workforces and planning: Boing has trimmed its workforce to the minimum and it has plans to further cut 7000 jobs and has completed family of planes from the small 737 to the world's largest carrier the 747 which allows it to serve any airline in any category. 2- Innovations: boing has innovated in many areas and has a very strong technological position it is well established. 3- Management system: It has improved its inventory management systems. 4- Leadership: It still has a leadership position in the industry. 5- Highly Skilled Manager The operation of the company will run smoothly.The performance of the company will improve and would lead the company to be successful. 6- Provide global customer support it would serve the customers better and it wo uld be very convenient to those customers in other countries to ask for help. This would help the company to gain a better image due to the provided services to help the customers. 7- Outsourcing: It can save time for the company to manufacture or assembly its products. 8- High quality of products: Emphasizing the product quality to ensure that the durability of the company is lasting for long period of time. 9- Provide Good services. . Weaknesses: 1. Loss: balance sheet and income statement point to some weaknesses.R spending of $1,661 million, around 8% of sales is rather low for this industry. Its long term debt is also increasing and its overall return on common equity is around 8. 9%, below the average industry rate which is 13. 1%. This, associated with its declining defense revenues, may restrict its access to additional capital in times of crisis. 2. Threats of Substitute Products or Services: for example people don’t use planes to travel they will use train and other way. 3. Competition of trains: Customers run away from aircraft to trains because of its services. Threats Implications: 1. Competitor: The competitor might overcome them and the threat is increasing the competitor’s market share. 2.Trade Barriers: They may encounter difficulties in the regulation regarding aircraft imposed by the country to which they export their products to. 3. Deregulation of Airlines: The regulation of the company for its customers would compromise in order to gain favor of the customers. 4. Threat of the Airbus because Airbus is the big competitor for Boeing Company. 5. Lack of planning. Opportunities: New aircraft to gain market share: with the impressive show of Airbus A380 recently, Boeing also plans to release its powerful weapon in the competition with Airbus. The new version Boeing 787 which inherits the most advanced technologies and advantages of the previous models is hoped to be a big hit to the airline industries.At the moment, Boeing has re ceived a number of orders for Boeing 787- Dream liner and this opportunity actually shows that Boeing still insists on its successful business strategy to build longer-range, more capable, smaller aircraft that could go point-to-point and therefore, serve city pairs directly rather than having to hook them up through a hub. The new 787 is the proof that Boeing does not lag behind the competition. THE STRATEGY: The problems that the company faced are: 1. Unwinnable competition, which is wasteful. 2. Design and engineering problem. 3. Poor cost control. The causes of problems are: 1. Poor engineering expertise. 2. Poor marketing research. 3. Using wrong strategies. Action planning: 1. Merge to companies 2. Get good engineer (work with university). 3. Get good marketers. 4. Do comprehensive. 5. Marketing research. 6. Restructure. 7. Use cooperative strategies. 8. Improve design and R. 9. Make the right aircraft. 10. Cost leadership.There are many problems that come from the using of wr ong strategies, poor engineering expertise and poor marketing research. The basic problems are unwinnable competition which is wasteful, design and engineering problem and poor cost control. Boeing Company uses poor engineering and poor design that actually will affect the nature of the working of company. Boeing Company is unwinnable competition because their competitors have high quality management and good services better than them so, customers prefer to deal with their competitors. It has also problem with marketing research. However, good marketing research can help company to know strength and weakness of their competitors and to know how to improve their works and to be able to face new technologies.Boeing Company has poor cost control that will lead to lose their money and the profit will be low. There are many actions that the company should follow to overcome any problems such as get good engineers who graduated from university and have high qualification and experience. Boeing Company has to restructure its strategies and use cooperative strategy. Also, if it merges with companies, get good marketers, do comprehensive, marketing research, improve design and R and make the right aircraft, it will achieve competitive advantage and maximize the profit. Alternative strategy: Cost leadership, it focuses in decreasing the cost and price.It is a good strategy for the company, if it follows this strategy, it will be more successful and it will reduce its economic costs. Also, this strategy will help company to develop and grow very fast. PEST ENVIRONMENT: Political, Economic and financial, Social, physical and natural, competitive, demographic, Technological forces (PEST) analysis is concerned with the environmental effects on a business. The term PEST stands for the Political, Economic and financial, Social, physical and natural, competitive, demographic, Technological issues that could affect the strategic development of a business. New I will explain th e forces that effect Boeing Company in Us: Politics, Legislation: Political forces refer to country's political system.The ability to support or disrupt business operations of domestic & international firms that mean Influence of politics & political interests. Also, Governmental topics, taxation issues, environmental controls and dependencies, subsidies and quotas regulations, employment and labor laws, consumer legislations and regulations, competition issues, health & safety concerns and issues. Economy, Business Environment: The economic environment refers to differences between countries economic systems in the country which the organization operates. Therefore, when we talk about condition of economic system I mean the economic growth, inflation and unemployment.As we know, the economic crisis affects all the businesses around the world. Boeing Company effected by this crisis so what happened in the economy will have a big effect on the company. Despite Boeing's 2008 revenue h as declined to 8. 25% and that because of the economic crisis. In particular, revenue in the Commercial Airline division fell by 15. 34%, as a strike by the International Association of Machinists in 2008 resulted in 104 fewer airplane deliveries than planned. Furthermore, net income fell 34% and contractual backlog expanded to a record level of $279 billion. Net income declined by 22. 1% over the first half of fiscal year 2009. Socio-Cultural and demographic forces:The social dimension or environment of a nation determines the value system of the society which affects the functioning of the business and Refer to way shared beliefs, values & attitudes affect employee & consumer behavior & management of foreign subsidiaries. And demographic forces refer to the characteristics of population, e. g. size, growth, spending power. Socio-Cultural has changed when the country get developed. The changing maybe in education, public opinion social mobility, and attitudes so the socio-culture c an affects the business: ? Population growth rate and age profile. ? Population health, education and social mobility, and attitudes toward those. ? Population employment patterns, job market freedom and attitudes to work. Press attitudes, public opinion, social attitudes and social taboos. ? Lifestyle choices and attitudes to those. Technology: Refers to technology-induced changes that have altered the way firms undertake & coordinate their international activities. Transportation and communication technologies – firms able to outsource R and back office processing. Technology is used in many of life fields. First, we use technology in the process of manufacturing and that through buying effective and modern machines and equipment. Second, we also use it in design techniques and in management of our company through using computers and other tools of technology.Third, technology provides us with some ways in marketing and advertising via TV, Internet and others tools. Technol ogy influences the company in terms of investment in technology, consistent application of technology and the effects of technology on markets. Emergent technologies have a big Impact on company. It can speed up the work in the company so it can apply all the orders. Also, the internet has its own impacts which are reducing communications costs and increasing remote working. (Reference: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Boeing) Competitive forces: A competitive force refers to the pressures imposed by other firms in competing industries.Boeing company faced strong competitive from Airbus Company because these two company work in same field. These two companies compete in price, service and product. Physical and natural forces: Physical and natural forces refer to environmental pressures and risks that influence international business strategy. These forces divided to two types. First, natural risks arise from environmental disasters (e. g. earthquakes). Second, Manufactured risks are e nvironmental risks created by human intervention – pollution, threat to eco-systems, climate change, genetic modification, and terrorism. This factor can effect in Boeing company very clear. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, I am going to summarize the points that I have talked about in my report.First, background of Boeing Company which is a major aerospace and Defense Corporation, founded by William E. Boeing in Washington its international headquarters has been in Chicago since 2001 and its mission, vision and objectives. Second, I have analyzed their competitor which is Airbus and it is the biggest its competitor. Airbus is one of the world's leading aircraft manufacturers and it consistently captures approximately half or more of all orders for airliners with more than 100 seats. Third, I analyzed its internal and external environment factors which are referred to SWOT. Fourth, I have talked about the strategy which includes problems, causes and action plan of the company.Boein g Company has to restructure its strategies and use cooperative strategy instead. I recommend Boeing Company to merge with companies, get good marketers, do comprehensive, marketing research, improve design and R&D and make the right Aircraft; it will achieve competitive advantage and maximize the profit. Finally, I have talked about the term PEST which stands for the Political, Economic, Social, and Technological issues that could affect the strategic development of a business. RECOMMENDATION: In fact, Boeing Company is a popular company in the world, but there are several forces and challenge which face it and make it in a bad situation. So I explained them in my assignment.Therefore, I recommend this company to develop their abilities such as employee’s skills, investment, competitive advantage, consumer relationship management and advertising. In my opinions, I think Boeing Company can develop their employee’s skills through training. Also, I should invest in rich countries which pay more money to increase the profitability to company. A good idea to the company creating new and develop aircraft to unique it from other companies. Finally, I think if Boeing Company does good advertising that enough for it to monopoly aircraft manufactured over the world. REFERENCES: http://www. boeing. com/companyoffices/aboutus/brief. html http://manonamission. blogspot. com/2005/08/boeings-ba-mission-statement. html : http://www. boeing. com/news/speeches/1998/980121. htm http://www. boeing. om/companyoffices/aboutus/community/focus_objectives. html – http://www. soe. ucsc. edu/classes/ism158/Winter03/boeing. htm – http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Airbus http://www. writework. com/essay/boeing-s-strength-weakness-threats-oppotunities-and-its-im : http://www. soe. ucsc. edu/classes/ism158/Winter03/boeing. htm http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Airbus http://www. companiesandmarkets. com/Summary-Company-Profile/boeing-company,-the-swot-analysis-145568. asp http://www. wikinvest. com/stock/Boeing_Company_(BA)) http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Boeing Books: (Principles of Marketing) Thirteenth Edition, Philip Kotler and Gary Armstrong. Books: (Management 9e ) John R. Schermerhorn, JR.

Teampaper

Reduces the â€Å"alternatives space† but how can Positioning help to reduce degrees of freedom in design even further? Try this, what if we want to introduce a toilet paper under the slogan â€Å"My first toilet paper† – once again aimed at young children. Does that create more clarity? Does it immediately pop more specific design elements into your mind? What about price sensitivity for a product like that? Wicked parent's be price sensitive if your product is perceived to make the toilet training experience even a little less of an ordeal?What distribution channels would you use? Wicked they necessarily be the â€Å"normal† one's for toilet paper? Can you see the advertising you would do? What about cross-promotions with â€Å"pull-up† diapers – will that make sense? Obviously there is a cost – to find a tight homogeneous target group we have to fine tune our segmentation and accept the smaller numbers this implies. However, targeti ng a wider group of customers does not guaranty larger sales or profit!This is where the idea of average products comes in. Averages, instead of appealing to everyone, usually end up appealing to no one! They invite competitive entry that targets one sub-segment of the large target group you went after thus tearing away one piece of your sales at a time. Long-term this is a losing proposition unless high barriers to entry can be erected. Even then, averages tend to be a source of dissatisfaction with your product or service.

To what extent is the true of Middleton’s The Revenger’s Tragedy?

‘Sternly moral and strangely perverse' (Schoenbaum 1955:6), The Revenger's Tragedy explores the ethical complexities of the revenger figure, Vindice, through his determination to take vengeance upon the lecherous Duke. The very nature of revenge tragedy shows an inversion of the morality play, in which the protagonist would face a series of temptations and ultimately choose a virtuous life over one of evil. Revenge plays on the other hand invariably include; secret murders and plots, disguises, violence and catastrophe, all of which are presented in The Revenger's Tragedy, but also within the character of Vindice. He is not, however, the soul revenger in the play. Irving Ribner lists nine different situations which involve revenge (1962:80) and therefore it is not surprising that some critics argue that Middleton's1 work should be more accurately named ‘The Revengers' Tragedy' (Adams 1965:61). In order for Vindice, and the other malicious characters, to exact revenge, they must enter the world of their enemy, to achieve maximum devastation from the inside out; 'embracing evil in a vain attempt to destroy evil' (Ribner 1962:80). Is this, therefore, the real tragedy of the revenger, insofar as the revenger must debase himself to the level of his adversary, in order to punish him? In the opening scene of the play, Vindice holds his dead fiancie's skull in his hand and vows to get his revenge on the Duke who attempted to seduce her and subsequently poisoned her. In terms of a revenge plot, this appears very straightforward – an ‘eye for eye' (Exodus 21:24) vengeance, but this becomes more complex with the sacrifices that Vindice has to make. Initially, he must find an entrance into court which is achieved by becoming pander to the Duke's son, Lussurioso. Having previously left the court after his father's death, merely becoming involved in this society again is a compromise, exposing him to the corruption he so readily criticises. Perhaps the audience is supposed to be impressed at Vindice's restraint, being so close to an enemy and not striking immediately, though it is this determination which ultimately turns him villain from hero. As Bowers states, ‘only rather villainous revengers are presented as waiting such a period. †¦ ] No normal, sympathetic person by Elizabethan standards would harbour his wrath for such a time and withstand the promptings of religion for forgiveness' (1959:136n. ) Being under Lussurioso's command, Vindice's escape from the planned revenge is not so easy and it could be maintained that his fate is sealed from the start; not only must he kill the Duke, but his son as well. Under his guise as Piato, meaning â€Å"plated† (Neill 1996:404), Vindice sinks further into tyranny by accepting money from Lussurioso, and presumably also from the Duke, for his work. Perhaps he had no choice in this acceptance, and therefore again, Vindice's fate is marked. Neill notes the suitability of the name Piato and its associations with the repeated ‘coin' image throughout the play. As a man in disguise, Vindice is the embodiment of the ‘deceptive glitter of the whole court'; he has become the â€Å"blanched† coin, a ‘base metal plated over with silver to improve its appearance' (Neill 1996:404). In adopting this costume, Vindice becomes consumed by the traits he puts upon himself, and poisoning the Duke completes this conversion. Piato and Vindice become, characteristically as well as physically, the same person. Murray warns that ‘the name and the disguise are intended to fool Lussurioso, but we should not be fooled into seeing a contradiction of character where none in fact exists' (1964:214 original emphasis). ‘The crucial transformations in the play are effected by poisoning, figurative or literal' and the literal poisoning of the Duke is reflected in the figurative poisoning of Vindice's mind and character (Murray 1964:196). Although he has now completed his revenge plan, Vindice forgets his original purpose and not content with ‘the death of †¦ his logical victim, must scourge from court all his vicious progeny' (Bowers 1959:133). In losing focus of his initial goal, ‘Puh, 'tis but early yet†¦ ‘ (III. V. 171), Vindice aligns himself with the Duke, whose own aim had been to seduce Gloriana, but resulted in poisoning and ultimately murdering her. Murray argues that Vindice's ‘degeneration' can be followed through ‘subtle changes' in his attitude toward Gloriana and her skull (1965:124). After this episode, Gloriana is hardly mentioned and Vindice has reduced her to a similar level to himself; dressing up her skull, creating falseness, an ironic comparison with Vindice himself, as well the courtiers, having heavily painted or masked faces. This mask image is repeated with the masque at the close of the play, in which Vindice carries out his last gruesome acts in yet another disguise. The movement from simple costume to the masque brutality is a perfect example of the shift in Vindice's character. From this moment he is ‘never shown hesitating at the thought of violence' and as is noted by many critics, ‘no-one else in the major tragedies of the period goes to such extremes of takes such delight in the doing on violence on an enemy' – Vindice embodies the ‘spirit of violence' (McAlindon 1986:140). Through the enjoyment and pleasure of violence, Vindice loses all focus, control and rationality. Murray's argument that ‘[Vindice's] moral perception is blinded at the moment when disillusion cuts through to his sexual obsession, and he is driven to sadistic revenges' (1964:223) is another example of Vindice turning tyrant, by becoming the lecherous man he has despised for so many years. Vindice almost sexualises Gloriana's decorated skull, ‘†¦ methinks I could e'en chide myself / For doting on her beauty' (III. V. 68-9) and he revels in the ingenuity of his revenge on the Duke, though he does not realise that ‘it destroys the moral value of Gloriana's martyrdom, making a whore and a murderess of her' (Murray 1965:218). His lust even extends to his own sister and in trying to tempt her to court, Vindice has some of his most poetic and well-reasoned lines: ‘Why are there so few honest women but because 'tis the / poorer profession? ‘ (II. I. 225-6). McAlindon sees Vindice's plea to Castiza to prostitute herself, as the ‘depth of [his] self-deception' and although of course he is happy when she rejects his offers, the ‘image of a noble self we see in flashes is not restored in the end' (1986:146). The play's moral dilemma is of course that Gratiana and Castiza can enjoy the riches too, if they agree to become corrupted (Salinger 1982:242). In his discussions with Lussurioso, Vindice again displays this side of his personality. The audience cannot help but draw comparisons between Vindice, the Duke and also his lecherous son, in the manner that he describes lust and sexual depravity: ‘I have been witness / To the surrenders of a thousand virgins' (I. III. 49-50). Vindice's arguments seem to flow all too easily, ‘premeditated' (Ornstein 1954:85) perhaps and convince his mother within seventy lines. Nicholas Brooke argues that his decision to carry out this ‘project' has its ‘own perversity', as his rage turns to ‘excitement' and a ‘delight in the paradox' (1979:15) which leads him to a dangerous resolve, ‘to try the faith of both' (I. III. 177). Although his asides show some regret for his actions, ‘Not, I hope, already? ‘ and ‘I e'en quake to proceed' (II. I. 104, 109), Vindice appears to continue his persuasion with little further thought on the matter. Later, when he decides to punish, and almost take revenge, on his own mother for agreeing to Castiza's prostitution, Vindice exhibits some of his most morally disturbing behaviour by Elizabethan standards. Gibbons notes that ‘in a society where parental authority was so strong, a parent's submission to a child was a deep and disturbing breach of custom' (1992:88n) and the image of Hippolito and Vindice either side of their mother, presumably with weapons, is almost a direct parallel of the way in which the brothers handle the Duke: ‘Nail down his tongue, and mine shall keep possession / About his heart' (III. V. 193-4). This can be viewed symbolically where Vindice must, for his own satisfaction, kill the ‘heart' and perform psychological torment, by showing the Duke his wife and son together. It could be argued that it is this image that kills the Duke. As his next target, the murder of Lussurioso must, of course, out do the death of the Duke, despite his reasoning being less substantial. To get his change however, Vindice must now become himself and is hired to kill ‘Piato'. This symbolism releases Vindice of all mental guilt, as it allows him not only to re-enact his killing of the Duke, but also stabbing the image of himself pushes him further into the ‘manic glee' (Brooke 1979:25) of the revenger character. Neill sees this episode as if Vindice were ‘facing the image of his death' (1997:84), a form of premonition to his inevitable downfall and death at the end of the play. For the audience, this image of Vindice killing â€Å"himself† is ironic, and the idea of arranging the corpse in a lifelike way is a shocking mirror of the ‘bony lady' (III. V. 120) Gloriana. With this gesture intended to separate the characters of Piato and Vindice, this actually brings them together as one, though Vindice fails to see this, as does Hippolito who says ‘In thine own shape now I'll prefer thee to him' (IV. I. 60) Vindice constantly makes the distinction between the characters; ‘am I far enough from myself? ‘ (I. III. 1), he asks, when first dressing as Piato, and later he claims his alter ego to be ‘a witch' (V. III. 121). Although this is a popular argument, critics such as Heather Hirschfield disagree, stating that Vindice is enacting a quest for ‘self-disclosure' and is ‘less about obtaining an impossible justice and more about orchestrating scenes that allow him to proclaim his own sinfulness' (2005:113). She argues that by putting himself in situations which allow him to give rise to someone new and pure through self destruction, Vindice is actually not looking revenge at all, merely a passage to a better life. With his final confession, Vindice hopes to attain this cleansing, however this moment of self-revelation ‘shipwreck[s] him on the very sinful self that confession is meant to overcome', and perhaps this is a critique of ‘hollow' Catholic penitence (Hirschfield 2005:113). Irving Ribner agrees with this view, arguing that ‘Heaven is responsible for Vindice's fall, but heaven's instrument is time, which changes all, and reduces life to death' (1962:77-8). It could be said therefore, that the tragedy of the revenger, is not his debasement to the level of tyrant, but his impatience for exacting his revenge, and the ‘failure of his faith in heaven' (Ribner 1962:80). Vindice fails to recognise and embrace the ‘inevitability of divine retribution' and the ‘self-destructive quality of evil' and by believing that he fully understood and was in control of himself, ultimately lost grip on his moral identity (Ribner 1962:75). At times Vindice seems somewhat irrelevant to the plotline in having no ‘clear-cut opponent' and being out of control of the majority of the action. In the masque scene, for example, the deaths of Ambitioso, Supervacuo and Spurio have ‘no indication' that they were anything more than an ‘unexpected accident' (Bowers 1959: 136,7) in which Vindice was simply an innocent bystander. Vindice, however, is not the only revenger in the play and the most notable other is Lussurioso when trying to take revenge upon Piato. He mirrors, albeit unwittingly, the masking and lying that ‘Piato' had displayed, in being untruthful about the reasons he wants revenge. Lussurioso claims that Piato had disobeyed his commands and attempted to seduce Castiza for himself using jewels. Ironically, this is just what Vindice had done, on Lussurioso's behalf, yet he fails to see this paradox, and is simply angered at the falsehood. Supervacuo, Ambitioso and Spurio try to take revenge on each other, as well as their elder brother. Again, they lower themselves to each other's level, climbing over one another in an attempt to become the next Duke. It could also be argued that Antonio has the final revenge, on Vindice, by condemning him to death. Is, therefore, Antonio as guilty as Vindice? Throughout the play he is described as ‘discontented' (I. V. sd) at the death of his wife, rather than grieving, which is a term usually associated with the character of the malcontent; Lussurioso claims that ‘discontent and want / Is the best clay to mould a villain' (IV. I. 48-9) Antonio, like Vindice, is deaf to the truth, condemning Gentleman1 for allowing the Duke to leave the court alone. It is ironic, perhaps, that Antonio's sufferings are so alike to Vindice's yet h e condemns him still. The nature of the relationship between Vindice and Antonio is described by Machiavelli: †¦ hat whoever is responsible for another's becoming powerful ruins himself, because this power is brought into being either by ingenuity or force, and both of these are suspect to the one who has become powerful (1532:15) In punishing Vindice and Hippolito, Antonio protects himself. Again, conceivably Vindice's fate was sealed from the very beginning, in that by allowing Antonio to become Duke as a consequence, he became in danger. It is possible then, that the ‘blazing star' (V. III. sd) looming over the banquet and masque, marks Vindice's fate, rather than Lussurioso's. He knows it is useless to argue against Antonio, who is ‘tainted because he shares [the brothers'] guilt' (Murray 1964:228); ‘Vindice loathes vice, but he has no faith in virtue' (Ornstein 1954:86). Justice seems to be lacking at the end, just as at the beginning of the play and as a result, Vindice's work seems futile. In conclusion, it can strongly be argued that Vindice turns tyrant to punish tyranny and that from this guise he is not redeemable. However whether this is the tragedy of the revenger is still debateable. Perhaps rather, the tragedy is that Vindice could not keep up his performance, his act, long enough to succeed or even take the Duke's seat for himself. In playing himself rather than Piato, and in his confession in the final scene, Vindice metaphorically admits to being taken in by the court that is ‘so given up to evil' and despite an ‘intense awareness of his own sin', he cannot save himself (Murray 1964:192,215). By the close of the play, the audience come to the realisation that ‘those who seek justice are no less corrupted than those who seek sensual pleasure or power' (Murray 1964:228). It is impossible, however to align Vindice with the â€Å"tragic hero† character, as though despite his admittance, he fails to achieve ‘self-knowledge' and ‘he amuses himself and us so much †¦ he seems incapable of suffering and inner conflict' (Ribner 1986:151). Through the enjoyment and gratification in the deaths and violence, Vindice's confession comes to nothing. He does not argue for forgiveness or try and show his regret but merely accepts that †tis time to die when we ourselves are foes' (V. III. 112). Peter Murray argues that Vindice is one of the more ‘believable portraits of neurotic perversion in all of Jacobean drama' and therefore the ways in which he evolves as a character is truly accurate to reality (1964:247). Can therefore, turning tyrant really be Vindice's tragedy, if any other character would have come to the same fate? ‘It is worth remembering that death is what we commonly expect at the end of a revenge tragedy' and Middleton simply alters the normal style of the close of a revenge play. In showing Vindice's lack of self-recognition, the audience would leave the theatre with a ‘particular sense of imperfection' (Ribner 1962:86). The tragedy of the revenger then, is not that Vindice has turned tyrant, but that he represents everyman, and in allowing oneself to be consumed with rage, desire and lust, every one of us would come to the same fate. Vindice does not realise that he has become the butt of his own joke; Lussurioso sought to hire a villain, and he succeeded.

Registered Nurse Scholarship application Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Registered Nurse application - Scholarship Essay Example It has always been my life-long dream to become a nurse but that dream had always been waylaid by other priorities in the past. This time though, I am intent on pursuing my dream of finally becoming a Registered Nurse. In that vein, I am hoping to secure a scholarship from your good office-for my course as a nursing student-in order to help me out with the financial aspect of my education. I am applying for the scholarship to lessen my financial burden, giving me enough money to continue supporting my family and my studies. I can assure you that I am not just hard working but ambitious and highly zealous when it comes to making my dreams come true. I would like to become a nurse for many reasons. As a nurse, I would like to help design and complete quality assurance activities to ensure appropriate nursing care. I would also like to help terminally ill patients die with dignity, and help family members deal with dying and death. I am also hoping that my acquired skills will help me provide a better future for my family. I would like to put my three children through school so I'm counting on the fact that, if granted the scholarship, I would be able to finish my own education while taking care of my children's schooling as well. I hope I will be given the chance to prove my capabilities as a diligent nursing student and as a worthy citizen contributing quality services to my community. I inte

STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP BY EXECUTIVES Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP BY EXECUTIVES - Case Study Example This involves turning strategy into needed outcomes and behaviours, conveying these goals, evaluating progress, giving feedback, and empowering the workforce (Ashby & Miles, 2002) through performance-driven incentives and penalties. Studies show that several organisations remain dependent on conventional performance determinants. Conventional tools of performance determinants intended for the economy of the industrial period, which puts emphasis on physical assets and financial strategies, are now incapable of coping with the dynamic business environment (Ashby & Miles, 2002). Hence, there is a movement away from conventional ideas so as to address the intricacy and ever-changing business environment. According to Hagen and colleagues (1998), some of the challenges CEOs face today in relation to performance determinants are great expectations from stakeholders, demands from and threat of global and local competitors, adoption of sophisticated production technology, and demands for premium and dependable products/services from consumers. In the meantime, organisational performance can also be threatened by sub-units within an organisation making decisions which are incompatible. An organisation structure, which can be either decentralised or centralised, has considerable effect on the level of non-financial and financial strategies to be integrated into the performance measurement process (Ncube & Washburn, 2006). Usually one problem confronting an organisation is that different sub-units are taking part in the general process of decision making. Irreconcilable decisions can have varying consequences for each sub-unit. Acquiring consensus from all stakeholders is a constant problem. When a firm’s general strategy relies on the decisions of all its sub-units, as stated by Bass (2007), firm-wide support is needed. Large-scale strategic planning and assessment is critical. This planning has to focus on the

Human - Interpretation, compare and contrast, fossil record, hominin Essay

Human - Interpretation, compare and contrast, fossil record, hominin lineage - Essay Example To begin with, the most distinct trait is the verbal communication in humans compared to the growls, screams and hoots. Humans have the ability of passing ideas and information through various means ranging from the verbal communication, facial expressions, and hand gestures and, of late, the writing means. Clear speech has uniquely distinguished them from the chimpanzees where this is controlled by the cerebral cortex in their brains unlike the chimps that lack these functional organs. Humans are believed to have muscular tongue that enables them speak clearly and well compared to the weak chimpanzees’ tongues. Second point is their body covering where the human beings have short and relatively sparsely distributed throughout their bodies but varying from one human being to another by race, their sex, place and, most importantly, the genes. As compared to humans, chimpanzees have short covering all over their all body parts except their faces and palms with no variance from o ne to another unlike the humans. This factor has uniquely defined humans from the chimpanzees where they have had the manufacture of clothes to prevent them from many factors like cold and rain. Humans’ brain size has uniquely identified them from the chimpanzees’ characterized by the human beings having the larger one than the latter’s. Chimps have 370ml of the brain size compared to the 1350ml in average for the human beings. Human’s larger brain size is actually an important indicator of their intelligence shown by the recent innovation in scientific and technology development. Over the years, human has made numerous scientific developments characterized by the use of complex machine which would rather be difficult for their closest relative, the chimps, to have. This includes aspects like use of computers, where almost every life aspect is now controlled by the computer technology. Improved transport has also been seen where humans' intelligence has b rought out complex transport means such as ships, aero planes and electric trains; the chimpanzees can't in any way develop them. Human diet also distinguishes them; both the chimpanzees and the human beings are omnivorous though the humans are more of carnivorous than their closest relative. Chimpanzees throughout their lives occasionally depend on other mammals’ flesh they get through hunting but restrict themselves mostly to fruits and sometimes insects. Opposite to this, humans do feed on the cooked flesh and plants rather than the raw food eaten by the chimps. Posture and locomotion have also defined human differently from their closest relative the chimpanzees. Though both humans and the chimpanzees are considered to portray the bipedalism factor, the distance and time through which this happens define the whole trait. Humans walk throughout their entire lives and perform their daily chores since infancy in two feet unlike the chimpanzees who locomote using their four l imbs but can walk and often stand with two feet. This is because humans have bowl-shaped pelvises that provide support to their internal body organs. Chimpanzees do lean forward during their locomotion making them walk using four legs. Chimpanzees, unlike the human beings, have large toes making them stronger than their fore limbs, therefore, using them for crawling, climbing and easy rotating when climbing the trees. This has

Strategy,Strategic planning and the tradtional steps to build an Essay

Strategy,Strategic planning and the tradtional steps to build an organizational strategic plan,Strategic management and Competititve Strategy - Essay Example On the other hand, strategic planning is the process through which an organization defines the strategy to achieve major, as well as minor goals. In other words, strategic planning is the directing and the making of crucial decisions that concern the allocation of the available resource as per the institutions strategy. The strategic plan also involves the control process of management as a way of implementing the decisions that encompass the strategic plan. The traditional planning method of building an organizations strategy comprises several steps. However, the tradition style of strategy planning omits the step of innovative thinking which to some works of research is the most important aspect of strategic planning is innovative thinking. It is significant also to state that the approach to strategic planning varies given the unique features of every organization. The unique features may include the purpose of every institution, the culture of each organization, the environment and immediate surroundings and the history of other plans; whether they were successful or not. The first step in strategic planning is the identification of the purpose of the planning process. The procedure makes up the mission statement. The step tends to put forward the reason behind the existence of the firm. The needs of the client makeup the basic purpose of the organization and thus are an outline in the first step. The second step enumerates the vision of the organization. The step’s main focus is the description of the future state of the business entity and the state of the clients of the organization in the future. The third step is the establishment of mandatory goals that the institution must reach in an attempt to achieve the set down goals as per the organization’s mission and vision. The step also tries to give answers for the prevailing challenges that the organization is undergoing through in its operations. The

World Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

World Religion - Essay Example This report approves that the temple is a place where Buddhist monks and lay people gather to practice meditation. Since meditation requires quiet and concentration, there are special rooms set aside in the temple for groups or individuals to sit on their pillows and meditate. The temple provides lay people with retreats, usually overnight stays but people can stay longer. When a person stays with the monks, they sleep on a simple mat and eat the same foods as the monks using the same simple black bowls. The purpose of a retreat is to simplify the person’s life, to relax, and to concentrate on meditation, so lay people do not get special treatment. The traditional tea ceremony is one of the activities that lay people participate in with the monks. They are also encouraged to work around the temple grounds and to study the grounds and buildings during tours so they can have an understanding of what traditional Buddhist worship is like. All these activities for lay people are me ant to encourage simplicity and concentration. This essay makes a conclusion that it is amazing to think of this place as enduring for more than 1,215 years in the same spot. Even though many events have happened this might have destroyed or disbanded the monks, it continued on even through religious oppression and many wars and natural disasters. This shows that the temple and the ideas of Buddhism are enduring, and even though there is this long history the monks still lead very simple lives. Outsiders can have a little taste of this Buddhist life, too.

Taisho period Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Taisho period - Essay Example (Minichiello S. (1998) Japan's Competing Modernities: Issues In Culture and Democracy, 1900-1930, p.3) It is also marked by serious pollution problems, resulting from Meiji industrial policy. Except for these tendencies, the health of a new emperor was weak and this fact led to the shift in political power from oligarchic clique to the parliament and democratic parties. It is customary to call this shift and the related events the Taisho democracy. (Minichiello S. (1998)) Large, Stephen S. (1983) states that at the beginning of the century a growing mass consciousness represented a main tendency in social life. Due to increasing taxation, people wished to play more significant role in social life, thus increasing a number of voting people. One of the most remarkable demonstrations of popular unrest was Hibiya Riot that occurred because oligarchs didn't inform people about the events of war. In the period between 1905 and 1918 economy of Japan changed from agricultural to industrial, while Japan was looking for export market for the new commodities. One of the most remarkable facts of social life during Taisho period was the growth of the population. The agricultural pattern remained the same, but industrial cities grew. This growth may be either a result of the migration from countryside to the cities or a natural growth of the urban population.( Minichiello S. (1998) Japan's Competing Modernities: Issues In Culture and Democracy, 1900-1930, p.7) The researches distinguish between agricultural and non-agricultural economy in prewar Japan. They point out the following reasons for this differentiation: the agriculture reached the top of its output, for greater income it should have changed to larger-scale agriculture but this process could conflict with the social structure; the economic consequences of imperialism, when colonies produced food, depressing agricultural prices in Japan; the power of landlords remained the same so the tenancy problem wasn't resolved. (Minichiello S. (1998) Japan's Competing Modernities: Issues In Culture and Democracy, 1900-1930, p.7) Large, Stephen S. (1983) writes that after the 1st World War the exports failed, and inflation grew. These circumstances aroused economic opposition to governing classes; a number of mass demonstrations grew, as well as the popular demand for participating in social life. In December 1912 collapse in the Cabinet of Saionji Kimmochi seemed to become a factor promoting the ideas of democracy, bringing broad political rights through universal suffrage and true parliamentarism. Yoshino Sakuzo was one of the representative thinkers (1878-1933), who invented the notion of minponshugi (people-centrism). Yoshino's idea of minponshugi enjoyed great publicity from 1916, and still is regarded as the ultimate liberal idea of prewar Japan. Yoshino's notion of minponshugi called for the redistribution of power and wealth in Japanese society by institutionalizing the political system of popular representation; and, by employing various social programs to protect the weak and poor. A new society - Shinjinkai appeared in December 1918. It based upon the dual platform - liberation of mankind and rationalistic reform of present day Japan. This organization was influenced firstly by English social democracy, and then it experienced the

Defensive Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Defensive Communication - Essay Example By examining these forms of messages in the context of interpersonal communication, I shall reaffirm previous research findings that defensive communication results in 'losses in efficiency in communication' (Gibb 14). The strategy of defensive communication has various tactics and in the limited space afforded by this paper I will separately analyse in the following order only control messages, dogmatic messages, messages of indifference, and messages of superiority. Control messages predominantly operate as imperatives, commands, and instructions. Control messages therefore imply authority, that is, the 'right to give orders or make decisions' (Lewis). Authority, however, implies varying degrees of power. 'A power relation is a causal relation between the preferences of an actor regarding an outcome and the outcome itself' (Pettigrew 188). For example, a police officer has authority to issue commands and power to enforce those commands. In contrast, a teacher has authority to issue commands and instruction but less power to enforce those commands. Parents like teachers have authority and a limited degree of power. What is more, as the context of one's communication becomes more personal authority and power wan, so that no real power relations exist between friends. For instance, in intimate relations defensive communication can occur when 'individuals are sensitive about their own flaws as well as the flaws of others close to them' (Becker, Ell evold and Stamp 95). Complicating the matter is that not all communication is verbal - body language for instance. So that, without explicit messages or in fact any intent, one may communicate irritation or annoyance. Furthermore, control is not simply the directing of action; 'information may become an instrument for advancing, attacking, or defending status' (Burns and Stalker cited in Pettigrew 189). For example, one may use control messages to avoid a topic of discussion, as in family secrets (see for example Caughlin et al.). Dogmatic messages fall within the compass of defensive communication by virtue of the denotation of dogma; 'a doctrine or code of beliefs accepted as authoritative' (Lewis). In contrast to control messages, that expose authority and power, dogmatic messages expose censorship. Defensive communication in general, and dogmatic messages in particular, involve 'a self-perceived flaw that an individual refuses to admit to another person' (Becker, Halbesleben and O'Hair 144). Resisting the model of a dialogue (Pope 173), dogmatic messages rely on the monologue. For, 'every word is directed towards an answer and cannot escape the profound influence of the answering word that it anticipates' (Bakhtin cited in Pope 235). We may think of a dialogue as the collaboration between people to come to a mutual understanding. Yet in contrast, dogmatic messages attempt to curtail the give-and-take of communication. Such messages contain a deep irony; for, despite the effort to avoid a topic or point via an assertion of strength, the effort itself communicates a defensive attitude grounded on weakness. Dogmatic messages, therefore, undermine any authority or power asserted by a conversational partner. Furthermore, because a dogmatic message

Black people in south africa in the 90 s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Black people in south africa in the 90 s - Essay Example Though the transfer and sharing of political power is long a matter of the past, the leveling of economic disparities among the non-White peoples of South Africa remains an elusive and as yet unrealized goal. Africa in general, though South Africa in particular, has in the last twenty years been a testing ground for a variety of programs and initiatives to heal racial divisions and remedy racial and social inequities. â€Å"At a more general level, there is Africa’s role in the broad redefinition of international morality and law. Africa, perhaps more than any other continent, has helped to make domestic racism in a particular society an issue of international relevance† (Mazrui 304). The paradox is such that though South Africa led the way in redressing the political wrongs left by colonialism, it has largely faltered in fixing the socio-economic ones. It is that disparity which stands before us here. The Union of South Africa was formed into a dominion of the British Empire in 1910, whereupon racial segregation and economic isolation became an institutionalized policy of the white-dominated government (South Africa 1998). Looking back, this was by far the decision which would have the greatest consequences upon the future of the country. Even if the ways and means whereby race-based economic disparities continued to plague South Africa’s black population throughout the 1990’s were as widespread as the disparities themselves, one area for which the country should receive praise is in the realm of literacy rates and infant mortality. By 2000 literacy rates had risen from their pre-1991 level of some 77% to approximately 88% of the population, a marked increase. This successfully solved the lack of basic reading skills in those members of the population who had until then been ignored or denied basic access to education. As well, infant mortality levels have dropped f rom 49% in 1990 to 46% in 2007, a change which can be directly attributed

Family and the Sociological Theories Essay Example for Free

Family and the Sociological Theories Essay Since time immemorial, men have been petrified by sociology. The most basic definition of sociology is the study of human social behavior and grouping (Alexander, 1982). Sociology largely focuses on social relationships and the ramifications of these relationships on peoples’ behavior. There have been numerous attempts to understand and explain seemingly challenging situations in a society. These attempts constitute the various sociological theories which are geared towards giving explanations to the various phenomena in the society (Alexander, 1982). It is within the scope of this study to highlight on the impact of the sociological theories on the family institution. Introduction Sociological theories are sets of statements that endeavor to offer explanations to problems, phenomena, or human behavior (Alexander, 1982). Normally these theories are both explanatory and are versed with the ability to predict predictive on some occurrences in society. Essentially such a theory can assist in seeing the synergy among seemingly remote social phenomena (Turner, 2006). The family is the basic social institution and everyone belongs to one. The behaviors of the various family members in one family may be petrifying. There are various explanations of the various behaviors and phenomena in the family offered by the three sociological theories (Turner, 2006). The impacts of these behaviors as explained by the sociological theories are quite interesting and will be studied in this study. The sociological theories in mind are the functionalism, conflict, and interactionism theories. The events of the various members in the family can be sufficiently summarized by the explanations offered by these theories. It is from these events that the characteristics and roles of the various family members are based. This study will highlight the particular impact of each of theses theories on the family institution. Methodology Various relevant literary materials featuring research done on the subject of sociology and sociological theories are studied keenly in bid to reveal on the explanation of sociology and social behavior through the sociological theories. The data gathered and analyzed in the study is carefully studied to shed some light on the interesting history in the impact of the various theories on the occurrences witnessed in the family institution. The studies did not leave behind information which highlighted on the impact of these theories on the behaviors of individual family members and how they interact. The results are collected from these secondary sources, analyzed and presented using the trendiest of modern scientific methods. The interplay between the various sociological theories as they impact the family institution will be highlighted in the discussion part of this study. The conclusion part of the study will involve a recap of the issue of sociology and the sociological theories and the synergy between them. Literature Review Alexander (1982) portrays sociology as a very intricate area to comprehend as it has always being perceived by man. Sociology is perceived in the three major sociological theories. These theories postulate that the occurrences in the society can be summarized by the functionalism, conflict, and interactionism theories. Taking the case of the family institution, for instance, behaviors of the various family members and the phenomena in the family can be fully explained by the various sociological theories. According to the functionalism theory, the family is an anthology of interdependent parts which have a penchant toward a common goal. In the same institution there are functional necessities that must be met for it to survive (Alexander, 1982). The occurrence of some peculiar phenomena is for the purpose of serving a required function in the family (Turner, 1988). In this theory, society is likened to a living organism because both are made up of interdependent parts and systems which function in harmony for the overall functioning of the larger body. Most literary materials concur that each member of the family is pivotal in the ultimate of the successful family union. There are a number of criticisms of functionalism theory presented by some materials. There are several materials which view this theory as indistinct and lacking in sufficient methods. Despite the fact that there are a number of there a couple of materials offering criticism, this theory stands steadfast in explaining the phenomena (Turner, 1988). The conflict social theory contends that individuals and groups in a given society have various amounts of resources and that the more affluent social classes and individuals use their power to take advantage of groups with less power (Turner, 2006). This exploitation is largely through economics or by force. It is this disparity in the society which catalyses social disorder. In the family scenario, the theory is portrayed in the ensuing conflicts within the family members and its serves to offer explanation that this conflict is as a consequence of social conflicts in the family institution. There are a couple of materials which portray the family institution as revolving around the conflict perspective of sociology. In fact the essence of formation of the family is more often than not a function of the couples’ rebellion from the larger parent family (Turner, 2006). Interactionism is a sociological perspective in which human beings are surrounded by meaningful objects and symbols. These meaningful symbols include material things, events, fellow people, associations, and even plain symbols. These symbols are revered as superb and important in human communication. They carry with them common social meaning that is naturally understood and adored by all members of a society (Alexander, 1982). The case of the family presents such a situation where the members of the families are driven by the symbols known and respected by all in that family. The fact that the family as a social institution is made in the interactionism perspective makes the unit stronger and unwavering. For instance the children look up at the prowess of the parents and this fortifies the bond between them. Research Findings In summary the study revealed the following: first it was found that the various human behavior and phenomena are fully explained through the three major sociological theories (Alexander, 1982). In the family institution, functionalism theory is quite rife. It is the same theory which provides the essence of the various family members to continue being in the institution. Every member of the family is supposed to play some very vital role in the attainment of the common good of the family (Turner, 1988). The family life and phenomena is explained further by the social conflict theory. According to this theory the occurrences and events witnessed in the family are primarily caused by the struggles against conflicts in that family. This clearly defines the reserved feelings of each of the members of the family towards each other. Then there is the al important interactionism theory which defines largely the in built feelings of each family member. It is regarded that the family members have grounds of commonality which they look up to. Each one of the family members is deemed to be conversant with these unwritten laws governing the family. They al work and behave in manners likely to suggest that they are aiming at the same goals (Turner, 2006). Research Discussion This study has done tremendous work to highlight on the intriguing issue of unraveling the cause for sociology. In the family institution, the theory of functionalism makes the family come up together in the first place (Alexander, 1982). At some age one feels that they need to have the responsibilities expected of him in the family by marrying. Those who attempt to alter the norm of the duo in the institution by adopting the single parent euphoria at the end of the day find it quite difficult. This follows the coming up of children since the society expects that. The parents look at the children as very important now and in their future old age. The children depend on the parents largely for basic and other needs. This realization makes the two groups stay in harmony since they need each other (Alexander, 1982). According to the social conflict theory, the family comes up in the first place owing to the need of the couple to move away from shared resources (Turner, 1988). They start their own home and live happily. This perspective explains the trend in divorce and such other attempts of reversing the union. They are a consequence of the conflicts in the family. The conflicts between the children and parents define sour relations where the children in this case are said to be unruly and rebellious (Alexander, 1982). The society sees such groups as erroneous without knowing the epicenter of the situation. Interactionism explains a great deal the respect parents command from their children. These children perceive their parents as symbols of success and therefore form a liking for them. Â  This perspective also explains the parents’ initiatives of introducing the children to healthy social ethics and institutions like the church and school. It is from these places where the children will learn to be responsible by heeding those generally accepted symbols (Turner, 2006). Conclusions From the discussion in the study, the behaviors of members of the society are best explained by the sociological theories (Alexander, 1982). Therefore, it is in order to conclude the family institution is largely dependent on the perspectives of sociological theory. These theories clearly and sufficiently explain the occurrences and the behavior of the various members of the family. The failure of each member to participate in the expected duty is quite consequential in determining the satisfaction level derived from the institution (Turner, 1988). References Alexander J. (1982). Theoretical logic in sociology. Abingdon Oxford: Taylor Francis. Turner J. (1988). A theory of social interaction. Palo Alto, California: Stanford University Press. Turner J. (2006). Handbook of Sociological Theory. New York: Springer.

Structural Change Management Process: The NHS

Structural Change Management Process: The NHS The case study report below is complete dissection of the undertaken structural change process by the Rossett NHS Hospital Trust to achieve its business objectives. Rossett NHS Hospital Trust attempted to introduce generic worker concept involving about 250 employees from its huge employee base of 2800. This change was part of a wider, strategic transformation in the NHS hospital with its focus on human resources issues, and in compliance with government initiatives, in the process realise continual improvement in quality of services rendered to patients and improve value for money. The nature of and rationale for the attempt of introduction of the generic worker concept was to achieve significant reduction in waiting times, improve flexibility, responsiveness to the patient needs by combining the roles right to the ward level and creating a central pool. This would enhance multiskilled work force who are eligible enough to conduct other full range of domestic and portering roles and other services including serving patient, clearing, and portering. The management through this structural change i.e. adapting to generic worker concept wanted to improve the working atmosphere of its employees by improving the flexibility in task allocation and rendering by its employee base and motivation of impacted employee base which in-turn reduce the absenteeism, which, is currently among the highest, when compared to the industry average. The finance department claimed that successful implementation would help to provide good value for money and make cost savings and proposed single grade and pay spine to the impacted employees and performance bonuses on attendance. From the operations perspective, this would bring about enormous benefits of flexibility and would simply and improve efficiency by avoiding waiting for action time and wasted journey and other duplication of efforts. The report below tries to analyze in depth about. Literature review Team Management and Team Constitution When two or more people interact among each other to accomplish a goal then it is called group. A group of people who work intensively with each other to achieve a set goal is called a TEAM. Team members should always be driving by the goal rather than individual results. The success of a team depends on the accomplishment of set objective or the drive to excel the same. Team functionality impacts the organizations effectiveness and performance. The contributing factors from the both the individual and organization context which are the driving factors for team existence and performance: Contributing factors for team cohesiveness and performance There are different types of teams which include functional or departmental, cross-functional, and self-managing. Each of these types of teams have certain characteristic features which differentiate their functioning style and objectives set to achieve. There are four essential elements that make the team successful or adventurous; goals/objectives, interdependence, commitment, and accountability. There are basically three different formats of team functionalities which explain how each team exhibits their cohesiveness and working style, as explained below. Basic functional team structure Team should be encouraged to develop: Positive Interdependence Face-to-Face promotive Interaction Individual Accountability/Personal Responsibility: Teamwork Skills Reduce social loafing as it is human tendency to put forth less effort in team than individually. Conflict management among the team members. Team Development and Management: Team development is a process which needs to be carried along cautiously and in controlled manner. Team management is set of processes and/or procedures carried out along to achieve the teams set objectives or goals. As Bruce Tuckman (65) explained the process is formed of five major steps as forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. Following these steps in true intentions would only build the team to be together, build constructive consensus of ideas/thoughts, and explore newer avenues leading to effective result oriented team. Bruce Tuckmans five stage team development Motivation The processes that account for an individuals intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining goal is called motivation. Motivation is said to be intrinsic, that drives from within or from intangible benefits or extrinsic, that drives from outside facilitators or from the tangible benefits. The term motivation can be described in many different formats and views, as of author mentions, DrÂÂ  Stephen P. Robbins, this is the process that account for an individuals intensity, direction and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal (S. P. Robbins). In general there are broadly two types of motivation; Process theory Content theory A process theory defines motivation as a rational cognitive process occurring within the individual as explained through Adams Equity theory. While on the other hand, a content theory defines motivation in terms of need satisfaction as explained through the Maslows Hierarchy of needs theory. Hence, the above two theories defer in many ways because each recognize motivation and its application due to the circumstances. Motivation Factors that will motivate if they are present are the claim of achievement, advancement, recognition, and responsibility. Dissatisfaction is not normally blamed on Motivation Factors, but they are cited as the cause of job satisfaction. Herzberg believed that organizations should motivate employees by adopting a democratic approach to management and by improving the nature and content of the actual job through certain methods. Some of the methods managers could use to achieve this are: Job enlargement workers being given a greater variety of tasks to perform which should make the work more interesting. Job enrichment workers being given a wider range of more complex, interesting, and challenging tasks. This should give a greater sense of achievement. Empowerment delegating more power to employees to make their own decisions over areas of their working life. Hygiene Factors that de-motivate (in absence) Such as supervision, interpersonal relations, physical working conditions, and salary. Hygiene Factors affect the level of dissatisfaction, but are rarely quoted as creators of job satisfaction. C07NF006 Herzbergs Two-factor Theory In the case study provided, the two main types of motivational theories which through me reading are most adaptable are the Porter and Lawyers theory which is a Process theory, its features and how it adapts to the workplace. And on the content theory side I find the Herzbergs Motivation-Hygiene Theory, its features and how it adapts to the workplace to be most suitable. Porters and Lawler Theory Porter and Lawler (1968) explained that modulating the work atmosphere so that effective performance would lead to both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards, which would implicate to increase in complete job satisfaction. Understandably in this model is the assumption that intrinsic and extrinsic rewards are additive and correlated, yielding complete job satisfaction. According to Porter Lawler Theory, any premises that felt needs cause human behavior and that the effort expended to accomplish a task is determined by the perceived value of rewards will result from finishing the task and the probability that those rewards will materialize (GAGNE and DECI, 2005) Porter and Lawler (1968) expanded Vrooms initial work to recognize the role of individual differences (e.g., employee abilities and skills) and role clarity in linking job effort to actual job performance. This is one of most comprehensive motivational structure based on the expectation theory which elaborates on all the factors which can influence each individuals motivation. Porter and Lawler incorporated a feedback loop to recognize learning by employees about past relationships. Leadership Leader is one who can impress upon a group to behave or act according to his/her objectives. The leaders ability in doing so depends on the ability in process application of both knowledge and skills. According to Northouses (2007) definition Leadership is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal. The ability of process application of a leader can be explained through the process leadership explanation. (Jago 1982). But, in general there are traits which influences our action, this can be explained through the Trait Leadership (Jago 1982). Jagos Leadership theories This explains that the leadership is learned, leaders ability of application of process of skills and knowledge depends on the traits or attributes he posses or believes in. Today, leadership is increasingly associated not with command and control but with the concept of inspiration, of getting along with other people and creating a vision with which others can identify. For example, Adair sees leadership as a combination of example, persuasion and compulsion that results in making people do things they might not otherwise have done. According to Levine, leaders need to concentrate upon moving people and organisations forward by increasing the competency of staff and the co-operation of teams in order to improve the organisation. A leaders job is to constantly challenge the bureaucracy that smothers individual enthusiasm and the desire to contribute to an organization. Leadership and management Management is more usually viewed as getting things done through other people in order to achieve stated organisational objectives. The manager may react to specific situations and be more concerned with solving short-term problems. Management is regarded as relating to people working within a structured organisation and with prescribed roles. Management may arguably be viewed more in terms of planning, organizing, directing and controlling the activities of subordinate staff. Leadership, however, is concerned more with attention to communicating with, motivating, encouraging and involving people. The emphasis of leadership is on interpersonal behaviour in a broader context. It is often associated with the willing and enthusiastic behaviour of followers. There are other differences between leadership and management. For example, Zaleznik explores difference in attitudes towards goals, conceptions of work, relations with others, self-perception and development. Managers tend to adopt impersonal or passive attitudes towards goals. Leaders adopt a more personal and active attitude towards goals. In order to get people to accept solutions, the manager needs continually to co-ordinate and balance in order to compromise conflicting values. The leader creates excitement in work and develops choices that give substance to images that excite people. In their relationships with other people, managers maintain a low level of emotional involvement. Leaders have empathy with other people and give attention to what events and actions mean. Managers see themselves more as conservators and regulators of the existing order of affairs with which they identify, and from which they gain rewards. Leaders work in, but do not belong to, the organisation. Their sense of identity does not depend upon membership or work roles and they search out opportunities for change. Transactional and Transformational There are two fundamental forms of leaderships Transactional and Transformational Transactional leadership is based on legitimate authority within the bureaucratic structure of the organisation. The emphasis is on the clarification of goals and objectives, work task and outcomes, and organisational rewards and punishments. Transactional leadership appeals to the self-interest of followers. It is based on a relationship of mutual dependence and an exchange process of: I will give you this, if you do that. Transformational leadership, by contrast, is a process of generating higher levels of motivation and commitment among followers. The emphasis is on generating a vision for the organisation and the leaders ability to appeal to higher ideals and values of followers, and creating a feeling of justice, loyalty and trust. In the organisational sense, transformational leadership is about transforming the performance or fortunes of a business. This type of leadership is best suited during the structural change circumstances. Critical Analysis Proposed change The management of the Rossett NHS Hospital Trust hospital envisioned to revamp the organizational structure through seven key changes in their business plan for the yea. Of them the reports elaborates on the attempt to introduce multiskilled, ward based teams of support workers. This transformation would impact around 250 employees. The objective of the changes was to achieve competitive advantage over other hospitals and earn greater customer satisfaction. The proposed change is an attempt to introduce the generic worker concept to significantly reduce the waiting time and improve the compliance with government initiatives and introduction of major information systems. The Site service Directorate was responsible for this implementation. It was broadly constituted of Hotel Services (domestic and portering staff), which was managed by Deputy Director of Site Services, but the actual ownership of the change was owned by Director (Anita Patel). The changed comprised all the porter and domestic staff. The staff was divided into three groups under three managers while some of the staff were stationed at specific departments but majority were placed in the central pool to attend to various duties including serving food and assisting nurse ancillary staff. These staffs were to report to the managers at Site Services Directorate (which was a conflict reason in practice). This change required additional training to get acquaintance with new jobs they would have to perform. The staff had to embrace to work flexibility and teamwork and some needed to face change in shifts. This change is structure came out with great news with structured payment system and pay rise along with performance bonuses aimed at improving the employee motivation and job satisfaction. Actual change The vision of management was taken bitter tone when it came out open and functional though they envisioned greater and positive response from all involved including middle managers and the actual employees impacted but the story in practice was completely different which lead to failure in implementation to achieve the objectives. The actual impacted staff showed little or no interest in the change as thought it to be invasive into their working schedule and their interest of work. Though certain women staff were happy to see the men staff doing the cleaning and others and but the nurse felt they were neglected and their duties were invaded by the lower ranked staff. Majority of staff had no clear idea has what kind of activities they would be involved which lead to reduced job identification and satisfaction. These changes brought out major conflicts among the middle managers and actual working staff as there were not clear demarcation of duties or jobs and who would be involved where and when would be the staff put at work, all this created lots of confusion and job dissatisfaction and conflicts among the actual working staff and also between the department involved. The managers (middle) were not able to clearly identify the conflicts which lead to ineffective actions to tap these differences. The managers were not able to distinguish out the problems and gel the differences due to loss of ownership of job. As one of porter staff mentioned the change as fire-fighting- there is no service level agreement in place against which to measure performance. The other area where conflict and confusion rose was with the rota preparation as manager were having hard time to track who can do what and where to place and when to place them since they to pick from the general pool of employees. The manager were facing difficulty in tracking and employees felt bias treatment bestowed upon few employees and that rota system preparation was not in-line with conditions laid down for change. The other major problem was the gender issue which came out in open when most of men openly showed their dissatisfaction to working as cleaners. This issue was completely neglected, as no manager looked into it right from the planning stage to the implementation stage. From the managers point of view they seemed to be completely powerless as no clear demarcation of rules and regulations, which lead to ineffective control by them on the change and could not initiate any mending ways or improvise the circumstances. To add to the present situation even the union (UNISON) was against the change implementation saying it would radically change employee benefit agreements and that this is just a cost improvement exercise without considering the employee and their concerns and advocated employees to vote against the change. So, to conclude this whole generic working concept was utter failure, though there was last ditch effort to save the change by the management but could not succeed in their effort. Recommendations and conclusions On careful dissection of the whole of the happenings during the trial period of the change envisioned by the Rossett NHS Hospital Trust I deem the following recommendations and conclusions as the most suitable and adaptable the trust should have taken to the successful accomplishment of their business vision. Of note, there were certain positive points to the envisioned generic worker concept, these were (to mention a few); Simplified pay structure. Performance bounces linked to attendance. Option of shift changes. Job profile enhancement and new job cultivation. Opportunity of greater team building avenues. Greater customer satisfaction feasibility. Improvement to the financial health of the trust. But these good points were not communicated down to the employees in practical. On the leadership front, the management though had these benefits on the paper and on the discussion table with the down line managers but did not clear demarcate roles and regulations for the immediate line managers to exhibit and propagate these benefits and also let them exploit their leadership skills in handling the circumstances in day-to-day running during the trial period. The immediate line or reporting managers were left stranded having nothing to do to with various grievances of the actual and effected work force under them. These restrictions and inability led the team manager and members to have job dissatisfaction and lack of motivation to pursue the management vision. There was need for a transformational leader who took up the responsibility and courage to stand up to the occasion driven the team to envision the same vision as seen by the management. The moral of the image above, when during any change the leaders transformational ability comes handy as he has to tackle and win over the employee resistance, depending on the complexity of the task, and also the magnitude of change envisioned by the management. But none these ever exhibited by any of line and immediate managers of Trust Hospital. On the motivational front, after careful literature review the basics of the Porters and Lawler Theory which was based on the expectancy theory was completely neglected by all levels of management in the Trust Hospital. The line managers did nothing to motivate the employee effected, or should say, had no say in taking control of the situation, this lead the team to be completely de-motivated and resultant being them to be less inclined to pursue management vision of structural change though it benefited them greatly. Motivational level at the line manager was equally demoralized as the top management did not let them express themselves during any of the meetings and only positive points were discussed rather taking the holistic view of the structural change into consideration. Both the intrinsic and extrinsic rewards though were present in the structural change present but were not explained to the team effectively which lead to demotivation of the work force. On the team management front, members were not cohesive with each other and always in their old stigma of work culture and they were confronted upon before going ahead with the changes which lead to the feeling of neglect growing in them. The basic contributing factor of team cohesiveness were not put to practice, when the members felt that their rota was prepared as the change structure specification there was no one to provide them with consolidating reasons showing single lane attitude from the management. The trial team formed (reciprocal task based team) where exposed and were happy with the structural change (voted in favor of vote) but management could not duplicate their satisfaction and motivation to the rest of the actual work force impacted by the proposed structural change envisioned. Team members were not introduced to the new change and their conflicts and concerns never made to the change meetings between the line managers and top management. The delicate gender issues were also equally neglected. This clearly shows the areas where the management completely failed and needs to improve if they ever needed to achieve their objective in the future. To conclude for the failure of the envisioned structural change proposed by the management cannot be restricted to one area or department but a complete collapse of non-adherence to basics of structural management theories to mention a few team building and management, motivation, and leadership as discussed in the report above. Had the top management been able to clearly embark the capacity and specified roles along with rules and regulations to the line managers and taken into consideration the concerns of the actual work force to be effected by the generic workers concept the results would have been in favor of the structural change. To sum up, there was utter chaos and neglect to stick to the basic structural change management theories which lead to negate the structural change to generic worker concept by the actual work force to be impacted though there were numerous benefits to the Trust hospital and employees to be impacted.

Hazardous Materials Encountered by Firefighters

Hazardous Materials Encountered by Firefighters Introduction: Its worth mentioning that being a firefighter is a very hard job. In fact, firefighters have to face a lot of dangerous situations every day in which they must be very careful in order not to lose their lives. One of the things firefighters have to deal with is hazardous materials. Any kind of substance or material that could lead to causing any harm to a human, an establishment or living organisms and surroundings is considered hazardous. On the other side, there are certain emergency situations where these hazardous materials are left without covers or lids and could lead to injuries or burnings to humans. Thats why a lot of organizations provide firefighters with a lot of training programs in order to teach them how to be able to take correct decisions while facing any danger. These programs are very helpful because they increase the awareness of workers and enable them to determine any hazardous situation, analyze the dangerous materials and isolate them in order not to cause har m as well as protecting the surroundings. Hazardous materials that firefighters encounter: One of the most famous organizations responsible for offering protection and guidelines for firefighters to assure their safety is National Fire Protection Association. As a matter of fact, this association managed to create a marking system in order to determine certain characteristics. In case of finding these characteristics, the firefighter must know that these materials are hazardous and he must be very careful while dealing with them. This system is formed in the shape of a diamond and it has four sections. Each section is marked by a different color and represents a certain characteristic. Here are these four sections: First: materials that could lead to health problems: this section is marked by blue color. As a matter of fact, health issues can be generated from being exposed to something like inhaling gases and could last for different periods ranging between a second and one hour or more. On the contrary, physical efforts and operations done by firefighters during these emergency cases could result in increasing the strength of bad consequences over those employees and could lead to negative outcomes. Second: materials that could lead to burning: this section is marked by red color. This section contains any materials that could cause raise the risk levels and could expose firefighters to burning. From these materials are flammable gases or liquids. Thats why there are various ways to attack and put out the fire according to the element of susceptibility of each material. Third: materials that could result in producing energy whether they are combined with water or not: this section is marked by yellow color. It also includes cases related to being exposed to fire and shock or pressure. Furthermore, materials in this category could be reactive or stable based on the element of susceptibility existed in them. Some of these materials are explosives for instance. Fourth: this section is marked in white. In addition, it only mentions information about the characteristics of each hazardous material like whether they are reactive or not with water and if they are capable of being oxidized or not. Steps employed to ensure public safety in the event of an accidental release: In addition to creating the marking system of hazardous materials, the American Environmental Protection Agency was able to create a protection system to help firefighters and provide them with the right procedures and precautions to be implemented in emergency situations. The Agency has divided these procedures into four levels: A, B, C and D.   The first level: firefighters must wear clothes that offer the highest levels and standards of protection since they will have to deal with extremely dangerous substances. Thats why they have to put on suits and boots resistant to any chemical materials, gloves to cover their hands, hats and other garments to protect their faces and bodies. They also must be provided with breathing devices in case of being chocked. The second level: firefighters in this level have to be provided with clothes to protect their respiratory system. However, protecting eyes and skin is needed but less than the first level. Thats why firefighters are offered clothes resistant to chemicals as well as breathing apparatuses. The third level:firefighters in this level cover their faces and are provided with devices to purify air from any toxic materials as well as clothes resistant to chemicals and respirators. They use these suits and apparatuses when they have information about concentration of hazardous materials, their characteristics and types. Besides, firefighters in this level are provided with suits to protect their skin like in the second level. However, respiratory protection is low comparing to level B. The fourth level: firefighters in this level are provided with normal clothes. These clothes are used as uniform for the job since they dont offer any kind of protection whether for the skin or the respiratory system. Thats why firefighters must not put them on in case of dangerous or emergency cases.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conclusion: In a nutshell, being a firefighter is extremely a difficult job. The reason for that is because you can lose your life in any second. Thats why every single firefighter must be careful while dealing with emergency situations. He must also have a background about the kinds of hazardous materials he could encounter in any fire scene. Besides, he has to know how to deal with situations and how to take the right decision under pressure. On the other side, organizations which are interested in firefighters must provide them with trainings and events in order to increase their awareness and encourage them to face dangers using right methods and techniques. In addition, they have to attract the attention of the whole world to the importance of such job, the problems firefighters might face and health problems they might be exposed do during their daily work. Finally, they have to offer those firefighters with the needed resources and clothes in order to be able to protect themselves well ag ainst any danger. References   Metro Graphics. (2001). Emergency Department Response to Hazardous Materials Incidents. Retrieved from atsdr.cdc.go: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/MHMI/mhmi-v2-2.pdf NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION. (2001). HAZARDOUS MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS . Retrieved from atsdr.cdc.gov: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/MHMI/mhmi-v2-a.pdf Sandoval County Fire Department. (2013, Dec). Hazardous Materials Awareness: Self-Study Guide. Retrieved from bosqueschoolshaw.weebly.com: http://bosqueschoolshaw.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/9/0/22907224/scfd_haz_mat_self_study_guide.pdf