How To Fight Homelessness - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1186 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/03/26 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Homelessness Essay Did you like this example? As the cost of living continues to skyrocket in the Denver metro area, more and more people are finding themselves struggling to pay rent. Even worse, while the city around them flourishes with new apartments and homes, over 5,000 people have found themselves homeless during this housing boom (Brown). Instead of finding new ways to help people afford to live here, Denver is trying to push our homeless population out of the city completely. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How To Fight Homelessness?" essay for you Create order As a country, we pride ourselves on our ability to help other countries poverty and starvation problems, but when will we decide that it is time to help our own poor and starving people living on our local streets? The solution to homelessness is a housing-first approach; providing tiny housing to homeless people at an inexpensive rate to help people get back on their feet and back into a healthy, thriving environment. One might say, But we have homeless shelters, or We have housing assistance programs, and they would be right. We do have methods of helping our homeless population get off the streets and even assistance to help prevent people from being there in the first place. However, the question is; which method is the most effective? Shelters are typically temporary homes, and housing assistance programs sometimes cant provide enough resources for those who are struggling. Studies have shown time and time again that the most effective and realistic way of not only preventing homelessness but also ending homelessness is a housing-first approach. Homeless shelters are meant to be a safe-haven for our homeless population. Denver has many shelters providing beds, blankets, and meals to homeless people every day. Although shelters are beneficial for those needing temporary accommodations, they are not effective when it comes to longterm benefits. Shelters dont allow residents to develop a sense of permanency and its permanency that helps people get a job or stay sober, studies show, (Semuels). There are also violent incidents in many shelters that include sexual assault and domestic violence (Semuels). Having a small space to come home to every day that is solely yours is of highest importance when it comes to getting, and staying, off of the streets. These homes provide legitimate safety, privacy, and also allows people to start collecting personal belongings, as many shelters dont permit personal items in their shelters. This ensures that a homeless person can begin collecting clothes, wash their clothes on a regular basis, store groceries, and have a dependable and warm place to sleep at night. With the housing-first approach, after one is settled into their new home, they are provided drug and alcohol treatment, an assigned social worker, and job training. All of these services have been optional and studies have shown that most people accept them (Semuels). By reducing the number of homeless people on our streets and providing them the resources they need to succeed, not only are we helping end homelessness but we are providing better lives for thousands of people that will return to society as much more capable and productive citizens. In turn, this will help the Denver population flourish as a whole. Another method used to fight homelessness is the inclusion of housing assistance programs. In Denver, many people look for rent-subsidized apartments as well as search for housing voucher programs that they qualify for. Housing vouchers pay all or a large portion of monthly rent and utilities for families struggling to make it by. Housing assistance programs are also more cost-effective than shelters. While the national average monthly cost of feeding a family in a shelter is $4,819, the average voucher for housing is only $1,162 (Semuels). This method is more effective than providing shelters, but also has its downfalls. While helpful in preventing people from becoming homeless and a possible solution to ending homelessness, sometimes these programs cant provide enough to those struggling. Some families need more help than what they qualify for. Other families miss out on assistance completely because housing programs have tremendously low budgets. Federal funds for affordable housing have stayed at the same levels for the last four years (Semuels). With the enormous rise of housing costs Denver has experienced in the past few years, it is outrageous that the affordable housing budget has remained stagnant. This means that the same funds are being spread thinner and to fewer people than ever before. Although housing assistance is a respectable idea for preventing and ending homelessness, its unrealistic if the budget cannot be updated with the ever-rising cost of living. When it comes to the housing-first approach of ending homelessness, it provides far more than what a shelter or housing assistance program can achieve. Tiny houses are built, providing community for those that live there where the tenants pay around $300 to $400 monthly. People who have had similar experiences are now able to live next to one another, hopeful for a new beginning. Studies have shown nothing but positive results for communities that have tried this approach. In Harlem, New York, building developers chose to make housing for single mothers that integrated ex-convicts into the same housing. The developers worried that nobody would want to live in this community, but were surprised when over 2,000 people applied for a few dozen low-income housing units. Single mothers wanted affordable housing while ex-convicts wanted supportive housing (Semuels). In another example, Utah reduced their chronic-homelessness, defined as people who have been homeless for over a year, by 72% from 2005 to 2014 by utilizing the housing-first method (Semuels). With such few funds for affordable housing, it is illogical to put it towards short-term assistance like shelters and housing vouchers. Denver could put most of the budget towards building housing-first communities that may cost a little bit more up front, but will far repay their cost and benefit society in the future. The only real concern with a housing-first approach to ending homelessness is where the money will come from. The answer to that is that we need to take a financial loss up front in order to gain our investment back in the future. Our entire country could end homelessness with about 20 billion dollars (Kavoussi). This amount sounds enormous, however when compared to other items included in the countrys annual budget, this amount becomes miniscule. Corporate meals and write-offs have amounted to roughly 60 billion dollars yearly from 2012 to 2016 while capital gains and tax cuts have come to just under 75 billion dollars (Kavoussi). While tax cuts and corporate meals are useful, we are leaving half a million people in the United States homeless, with one-fourth of that population being children (Semuels). Although 20 billion dollars is a large number on the national scale, its much smaller city to city. Solving homelessness can help fix a lot of other problems . . . including truancy from schools, drug and alcohol abuse, and unemployment, (Semuels). By solving issues like truancy, drug abuse, and unemployment through ending homelessness, we will actually save money and create a better community for the future. We should be doing all that we can to help our people, beginning with our home communities. Housing-first communities are the answer to the Denver homeless populations desperate calls.

John F. Kennedy s Record On Foreign Policy - 1304 Words

Although John F. Kennedy’s record on foreign policy has received mixed reviews because of his all too short presidency, Kennedy’s approach or strategy on how to deal with international issues gave the United States of America options on foreign policy, both then and now. John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born to a rich and privileged family who was already a well politically connected family. The Kennedy’s fortune came from the stock market, entertainment, and other business ventures by Joseph â€Å"Joe† Kennedy who also served as ambassador to the United Kingdom during the start of World War II; Chairman of both the Security and Exchange Commission and the Federal Maritime Commission. His mother’s, Rose, father, John F. Fitzgerald served as Mayor†¦show more content†¦Senate. Kennedy’s concern for world peace while in both the U.S. Congress and Senate allowed him to travel to many countries. As a member of the Senate’s Foreign Rel ations Committee, Kennedy concentrated on the issues of third world countries. Seeing a need for a new approach to U.S. Presidency, Kennedy ran his presidential campaign as â€Å"A New Leader for The 60’s†. He saw that â€Å"a durable peace requires vigor and imagination†. This imagination included the need for a dynamic foreign policy. Kennedy did not agree with President Eisenhower’s foreign policy that included Massive Retaliation. Kennedy’s view of the world was not as hard as President Eisenhower. The Cold War tensions were high due to the concern over massive retaliation that included the use of nuclear weapons. Kennedy saw opportunities for diplomacy and alternative military strategies in addition to possible retaliation. Kennedy started a new generation of foreign policy experts who were to come up with optional strategies to going to war. From these experts came Flexible Response. Flexible Response or Flexible Deterrent Options used a w ide variety of diplomacy; political; economic and military options to avoid attacks or war with another country. This strategy was first introduced in a book by General Maxwell D. Taylor called The Uncertain Trumpet (1960). Kennedy used Flexible Response as an option to President Eisenhower’s New Look national security policy. Although thought to be an inexpensive

Women s Effects On The Civil War - 1499 Words

For a long time, the premise of war was that men would go to war while women stayed home to take care of the children and the towns that were left behind. As a consequence, women are often left out of the main narratives of war. Interestingly, historians looking specifically at women’s effects on the Civil War effort have found that women not only worked indirectly for the war effort in their towns to support the war by making uniforms and ammunition and that some even participated directly in the war by disguising themselves and battling on the front or by acting as spies for both the Union and the South. Women participated in the war effort on both sides in a multitude of ways. Women of all classes found ways to support the war effort. Lower class women often had to work in factories that were making items for the war effort to help support their families after their husbands had gone off to war. While these women were supporting their families, they still chose a job such a s sewing uniforms, or making ammunition which would support the war effort and indirectly their husbands on the battlefield. Women that worked in these factory environments in the South were not safe from Union soldiers. By working at a factory that supported the war effort, women were participating in treason in the Union soldiers’ eyes. On July 6, 1864 Sherman and his men raided a textile mill in Roswell, Georgia and took captive the 800 women who were working there, kept all the cloth they hadShow MoreRelatedMothers Of Invention : Women Of The American Civil War1265 Words   |  6 PagesMothers of Invention: Women of the Slaveholding South in the American Civil War is a work by Drew Gilpin Faust, a renowned American historian and current President of Harvard University. 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Corporate Governance for Managers Stakeholders Company

Question: Describe about the Corporate Governance for Managers for Stakeholders Company. Answer: Part 1 Executive Summary Corporate governance is the manner in which the organization is control and directed and contains a system of rules, processes and practices. And it is mainly concerned with balancing the interests of the stakeholders of the company. The Anglo-American model of corporate governance is based on the interests of the shareholders. It is also known as the unitary system, as this model relies upon a single-tired Board of Directors, where the dominance is of the non-executive directors, who have been elected by the shareholders (Mallin, 2011). Introduction The Anglo-American model of corporate governance is shareholder oriented. In this model, there is a bias towards the shareholders of the company over the other stakeholders. Though, there is a justification for this bias, as in most cases such other stakeholders have recourses to protect their interests, for instance through contractual agreements, but in cases of shareholders, they remain unprotected as the activities and management decisions are unpredicted (Emerging Markets ESG, 2005). This model has been mostly adopted by the corporate governance systems in the US and the UK, and countries of Asia and Europe have mostly been inclined towards the stakeholder-oriented model (Singh, 2016). But with time, a trend of global convergence has emerged. In the following parts, the shareholder orientation of the Anglo-American model of corporate governance, for global application has been assessed. Further, some recommendations are also provided for the OECD regarding the best policies which can be adopted for the promotion of global convergence of the corporate governance practices. Shareholder orientation for global application In the present world of globalization, there is diversity in the political, legal, social and cultural systems across the nations. And it is a known fact that the countries are interdependent on each other. This is the reason why the Anglo-American model of corporate governance is gaining popularity (Singh, 2016). This model brings unity to the political, legal, social and cultural system of the world and provides a solution to the disparity of systems. In the era of the mid 90s, the discussion began on the matter that the corporate governance code were moving towards the adoption of this model, due to its peculiar characteristics of the shareholder value norms, the one tier boards, and the low ownership concentration (Singh, 2016). Even with the presence of stark level of differences in the corporate governance codes across the globe, the convergence was emerging, and the reasons given for this were globalization, advent of significant foreign investors, and the liberalization of the markets. The mechanism, as well as, the framework of the corporation governance is varied from country to country, and even from company to company (Singh, 2016). The objectives of the company, along with the political, social, legal, and economic situation of the country influence the mechanisms of governance of such companies. Due to the shareholder orientation of the Anglo-American model, more and more countries are adopting it. One of the reasons for the adoption of this method by different countries is because this method helps in solving some of the persisting problems. This model helps in monitoring by the market for regulation, as well as, for corporate control. Moreover, it also forces the managers to follow the interests of the shareholders. And since the civil laws of such nations are reliant upon the interests of the employees, creditors and shareholders, this model helps in a compliance of such norms (Palmer, 2011). Moreover, scholars believe that this model not only benefits the countries, but the companies as well. Due to the increase in globalization, there is diversity in the social, legal, political and cultural systems across the glove. This model provides uniformity in these systems and helps in increasing the competing ability of the companies across the globe. And so, a convergence in the global market would result in the increased interdependence of the financial markets across the globe (Singh, 2016). The proponents of convergence also believe that the Anglo-American model is the most efficient and preferred one, due to its orientation towards the shareholders. But there are people who oppose this model, as it leaves out the other stakeholders (Lee, 2009). And due to this, this model is still not adopted all over the world. Some opponents argue that such a convergence is not favorable due to the dependency it creates, of the nations over each other. The other point highlighted by the opponents of this model is the successful example of Germany and Japan, who have adopted corporate governance systems which are not shareholder-oriented (Clarke, 2016). Also, there is the example of the unsuccessful implementation of this model in India, where the model was converged on a formal level, but was never effectively implemented. So, the uniformity was never achieved in India (Afsharipour, 2009). Hence, the convergence can be limited and the transmission from one system to another, which is a highly complex one, and which requires institutional, political and social changes, can be difficult; and this is another limitation of the convergence of the Anglo-American model. It is crucial to note here that the failure of this model in India was due to the failure of implementation, and not of the model itself. Also, the German, as well as, Japanese governance systems are facing pressure to deliver the shareholder value, especially related to the overseas investment institutions, and are facing demands for an increase in transparency, as well as, disclosures from both the investors, and regulators (Clarke, 2016). This issue is not a problem in the Anglo-American model and hence, even after its criticism, is the best model for convergence. Conclusion From the above analysis, it is quite clear that the shareholder orientation of the Anglo American model has made it famous across the globe, and more and more countries are looking at adoption of this model in their governance systems. Even the criticism and opposing points provided by its challengers prove meek. This model helps in uniting the diversity of the globally present systems and benefits the countries and the corporations, by being shareholder oriented. Recommendations It is recommended to the OCED that in order to promote, as well as, to advance the global convergence of the corporate governance practices, it should: Develop such valuation standards which are of high quality, and are internationally accepted. Such standards should be developed by an independent standard-setting board. Conducting peer reviews to promote the convergence in the competitive regimes. The adoption, as well as, the implementation of supporting activities. An active engagement of the member professional bodies, which are responsible for valuation, so as to promote the ethical standards, along with consistent competency. A member bodies compliance program (International Federation of Accountants, 2012). Apart from these, OCED should also work on improving the international competition ecosystem, so that the international trade agenda can be reinforced, and uniformity could be established. This can be done by raising the multi-dimensional awareness, by enhancing the coordination of the competition policy and its collaboration at the global level, and by working towards a regional or bilateral dispute resolution, and appeal mechanism. Lastly, OCED should harness its technical capabilities, along with its networking abilities, so as to develop and strengthen these recommendations, as well as, the best practices in this area (International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, 2016). Part 2 Executive Summary Venture capital is one of the ways, in which a new business or a business looking for growth attains funding. Such funds come from the venture capital firms, who are specialists in building the high risk financial portfolios. SMEs or the small and medium sized enterprises are such businesses, where the number of employees is less than a certain limit. As is in the case of any other company, to grow, an SME needs funds. And investments, especially in form of equity capital, are the best way to attain such funds. Introduction In the emerging markets, a marked increase has been seen in the number of companies, which are using the public equity markets for the very first time, by using the IPO or the Initial Public Offering. These growth companies have the capability to break away from the stagnant state of being a small or medium-sized enterprise. Nearly half of the equity capital, which has been raised across the world, by using the IPOs, since the 2008, has come from the emerging markets (OECD, 2015). Though, attaining such investments is not an easy task. The investors have to be sure about the company they invest in and this is where corporate governance plays a crucial role (OECD, 2015). In the following parts, the transition of the corporate governance practices of a SME to a company, which is ready for the IPO, has been discussed. Also, some recommendations have been made for the management committee of the venture capital fund, regarding the best corporate governance practices which should be introduced in all the entrepreneurial growth SME companies, where the venture capital fund is willing to invest. Transition of Corporate Governance Practices The large public companies are usually associated with the issues related to corporate governance. This is because the stakeholders interests are widespread in such companies, and they have different expectation, as well as objectives which have to be considered by the companies board of directors. But in the case of SMEs, the corporate governance practices are minimal or non-existent (Dzigba, 2015). This is mostly due to the lack of separation in the ownership and control of the SMEs, which is present in the case of large companies. But when it comes to a growing SME, which is in need of funds, and is interested in an IPO, it has to attract investments. Such investments are mostly brought by the venture capital funds. And an investor would invest in the company only if it follows a proper governance practice (OECD, 2015). And so the corporate governance issues for such an SME changes from that of a family business based SME. Such an SME would adopt the best practices of the corporate governance, especially the ones which are adopted by the larger public companies, during their phase of growth. The best governance practices, which can be utilized by such an SME, involve an adoption of the OCED issued Principles of Corporate Governance (OECD, 2015). Some of the other governance practices, which could help an SME in attracting more investors, have been summarized in the table below: Attributes of Governance Best Practices examples Transparency and Disclosure The information must be prepared, as well as, disclosed as per the high quality standards of financial and non financial disclosures, and accounting. The external auditors have to be accountable to the shareholders. They also owe a duty to exercise duel care to the company, while conducting the audit. The annual audit should be conducted by qualified, independent, as well as, competent auditor, as per the international standards on auditing (IFC Corporate Governance, 2016). An equal, cost efficient and timely access to the relevant information should be provided by the channels responsible for disseminating information. Ensuring high standards of governance and transparency in the listing process, by regularly monitoring and enforcement. Communication of the governance strategies in a clear and transparent manner to the potential investors, and regulators, both before and after the IPO. The risk management policy of the company should be disclosed to satisfy the investors regarding the clarity of the company in dealing with any risk (Hay Group Limited, 2015). Shareholder Rights Charter, by-laws, as well as governance codes of the company should provide a clear protection to the minority shareholders. Such code of conduct of the company should also set out clearly the process to report or deal with a non compliance, along with policies which attract shareholders attention, for instance the whistleblower policy (McInnes Cooper, 2016). Shared agenda, along with proper notice of the shareholders meeting should be provided. There should be a clarity regarding the rights of different classes of shares, for instance, the clarity regarding the class having the voting rights or economic rights. The ability of participating, as well as, voting at shareholders meeting in a meaningful manner. An equitable treatment should be given in the changes of control, for instance, the tag-along rights. A fair treatment is necessary for disclosure of information, for instance, the conflict of interest, material shareholder agreements (IFC Corporate Governance, 2016). Board of Directors The board should be composed of a proper mix of professional skills. For instance, one director can be an expert in marketing strategies, and two of the directors can have expertise in the international financial markets or expertise in audit committee requirements (Sandler and Hall, 2014). The independence component of the board has to be strong. The accountability of the board, along with the senior management as to be fixed (Yu and Rudge, 2014). The roles of CEO and the chairman should be separate. Peer review of the directors, along with periodic evaluation. Meetings should be held regularly, and agenda of such meetings should be properly circulated. Proper committees of board should be established to manage the key areas. For instance the audit committee, the nomination committee, or the remuneration committee. The board has the responsibility for risk, and so the nature and extent of any significant risk sound be dealt by formulating a sound internal control system and risk management policy (London Stock Exchange, 2012). The independence of such committees of the board also has to be ensured. Directors should be constantly educated and the new directors should also be educated, regarding the company. Having transparent, as well as, properly articulated succession plans for the major board positions. The role, responsibilities of all the board members, along with the committee members has to be chalked out in clear terms (EY, 2016). Conclusion As highlighted above, an SME does not generally follow the corporate governance norms when they are in their initial stages. But, when such an SME has to attract investors for IPO, it has to make the transition from nearly no corporate governance practices, to the adoption of best corporate governance practices. This is because an organization which complies with best practices of governance, builds a positive image in the minds of the potential investors, which includes a venture capital fund. Recommendations On the basis of above conclusion, it is recommended to the venture fund that it should introduce the tabulated practices in all of its growing SME companies, in which it is looking to invest. This would ensure that the company works in a transparent and accountable manner, and the investment would reap benefits. References Afsharipour, A. (2009) Corporate Governance Convergence: Lessons from the Indian Experience. Northwestern Journal of International Law Business, 29(3), pp. 335-402. Clarke, T. (2016) The continuing diversity of corporate governance: Theories of convergence and variety. Ephemera: Theory Politics In Organization, 16(1), pp. 19-52. Dzigba, D. (2015) Corporate Governance Practice among Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) in Ghana; Impact on Access to Credit. [Online] Diva. Available from: https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:829172/FULLTEXT01.pdf [Accessed on: 02/11/16] Emerging Markets ESG. (2005) Three Models of Corporate Governance from Developed Capital Markets. [Online] Emerging Markets ESG. Available from: https://www.emergingmarketsesg.net/esg/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Three-Models-of-Corporate-Governance-January-2009.pdf [Accessed on: 02/11/16] (2016) IPO corporate governance: Then and now. [Online] EY. Available from: https://www.ey.com/gl/en/issues/governance-and-reporting/ey-ipo-corporate-governance-then-and-now [Accessed on: 02/11/16] Hay Group Limited. (2015) 2015 Corporate Governance Best Practices Report. [Online] Hay Group Limited. Available from: https://www.haygroup.com/downloads/ca/2015%20Corporate%20Governance%20Best%20Practices%20Report.pdf [Accessed on: 02/11/16] IFC Corporate Governance. (2016) Getting Ready for an IPO. [Online] SME Toolkit. Available from: https://www.smetoolkit.org/smetoolkit/en/content/en/6755/Getting-Ready-for-an-IPO [Accessed on: 02/11/16] International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development. (2016) Competition Policy and Trade in the Global Economy: Towards an Integrated Approach. [Online] International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development. Available from: https://www3.weforum.org/docs/E15/WEF_Competitition_Policy_Trade_Global_Economy_Towards_Integrated_Approach_report_2015_1401.pdf [Accessed on: 02/11/16] International Federation of Accountants. (2012) Global Regulatory Convergence and the Accountancy Profession. [Online] International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development. Available from: https://www.ifac.org/system/files/publications/files/PPP6-Global-Regulatory-Convergence_0.pdf [Accessed on: 02/11/16] Lee, S.H. (2009) Global Convergence of Corporate Governance and Its Limits. The Asian Business lawyer, 3(67), pp. 67-91. London Stock Exchange. (2012) Corporate Governance. [Online] PwC. Available from: https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/audit-services/corporate-reporting/assets/pwc-london-stock-exchange-corporate-governance-guide-pdf.pdf [Accessed on: 02/11/16] Mallin, C.A. (2011) Handbook on International Corporate Governance: Country Analyses. 2nd ed. MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing. McInnes Cooper. (2016) The Top 5 Corporate Governance Best Practices That Benefit Every Company. [Online] Hay Group Limited. Available from: https://www.mcinnescooper.com/publications/legal-update-the-top-5-corporate-governance-best-practices-that-benefit-every-company/ [Accessed on: 02/11/16] OECD. (2015) Growth Companies, Access to Capital Markets and Corporate Governance. [Online] OECD. Available from: https://www.oecd.org/g20/topics/framework-strong-sustainable-balanced-growth/OECD-Growth-Companies-Access-to-Capital-Markets-and-Corporate-Governance.pdf [Accessed on: 02/11/16] Palmer, C. (2011) Has The Worldwide Convergence On The Anglo-American Style Shareholder Model Of Corporate Law Yet Been. Opticon1826, 11. Available from: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/opticon1826/currentissue/articles/Palmer_Issue11_Opticon1826.pdf [Accessed on: 02/11/16] Sandler, R.J., and Hall, J.A. (2014) Corporate Governance Practices in IPOs. [Online] Davis Polk Wardwell LLP. Available from: https://www.davispolk.com/sites/default/files/sandler.hall_.%20Corp.Gov_.Advisor.article.aug14.PDF [Accessed on: 02/11/16] Singh, P. (2016) Convergence or Divergence in Codes of Corporate Governance: A Cross Border Analysis. [Online] Racolb Legal. Available from: https://racolblegal.com/convergence-or-divergence-in-codes-of-corporate-governance-a-cross-border-analysis/#_ftnref13 [Accessed on: 02/11/16] Yu, B., and Rudge, L. (2014) Hong Kong Corporate Governance: Hong Kong Corporate Governance: a practical guide a practical guide. [Online] White Page Ltd. Available from: https://www.hkcg2014.com/pdf/hong-kong-corporate-governance-a-practical-guide.pdf [Accessed on: 02/11/16]