The Future of Books Essay Example for Free

The Future of Books EssayThe past decade has seen the unparalleled development of electronic devices. And the subversive popularity of e-books plays a crucial role in this process. Nowadays, its quite common to see a portable iPad instead of piles of heavy books in a teenagers backpack. An increasing number of lot prefer to tap on screens rather than turn paper pages. Because of this mounting wildness, some people anticipate that with the looming momentum e-books go forth ultimately take the level of handed-down print books and dominate the market, which has stirred up a heated debate. From my point of view, I really doubt such a pessimistic nous of the outlook of paper books. People have been using paper books for thousands of years. In gratitude to paper books for initiating us into the world of knowledge, we have formed a deep-rooted shackle to them, which stays on inwardly all the while. So its hardly feasible to abandon this habit radically. Actually, paper books have already become a part of reading itself. How can you let those ardent readers who will go through fire and water for paper books give up the smell of ink and the touch of papers?Nevertheless, those manufacturers salivating over prospects for e-books keep telling us there are a sizable number of advantages in order to plunge customers into the fierceness and boost sales. But if you consider their recommendations carefully, you can uncover that e-books are not completely ideal choices. Firstly, they say that e-books are much cheaper. Apparently, they make no credit rating of the fact that e-readers are expensive. Whats more, lets take iPad as an example.Apple Inc has already shipped three generations of iPad. So a lot of consumers keep duty up almost annually regardless of the high price, which amounts to a waste of money to some extent. Secondly, some people say that e-books own better portability. In most cases, however, we only need to carry one or two books with us, which is n ot that inconvenient. On the contrary, e-readers can be targets of theft and batteries are readily dead, which will afflict users a lot. But traditional books are devoid of these problems.Last but not least, there are really too many distractions on e-readers, which may make us sink into other entertainments and use e-readers secondarily for reading, not to mention its harm to our eyesight. All in all, I believe with the craze simmering down, people will smell the coffee and find that e-books cannot hold a candle to paper books in many ways and make their assured decisions by choice. E-books wont emulate traditional books and take charge of the whole market. We wont pine for the passing golden age of traditional books in that they will be always there waiting for us.

The Traditional Tok Diagram Essay Example for Free

The Traditional Tok Diagram EssayThe traditional TOK diagram indicates four ways of knowing. train the inclusion of a fifth way of knowing selected from intuition, memory or imagination, and explore the knowledge issues it may raise in two areas of knowledge. Our whole bearing is a continuous process of gaining information. This information is our basic knowledge close to the world. It is coming in assorted forms, from different sources. And it is vit totallyy important to store this information, in order to understand your own present. That is why I commemorate people have a memory. My personal interpretation of memory is similar to a log-book. My control is the notes I am writing in my life journey. Like memories, many of notes will eventually vanish, other will stay forever.But, is it possible for memory to expire as a way of knowing (WOK)? Can I use my memory to gain knowledge about some thing? In TOK, I used to think that we cannot gain knowledge through memory, as i t depended on WOKs as a source of knowledge. Memory is interpreted as storage for the gained knowledge and mother. However, is possible for WOKs themselves be depended on memory? My life, views and tastes are result of my past experience. So, it can be said that our movementing is coming from analysis of previous experience and memory. In this essay, I will exploit reliability of memory as way of knowing and issues it may rise in areas of knowledge (AOK).We are living in expression up our memory. It changes and vanishes like paintings. My first issues about memory were consisted in area of nontextual matter. I thought how I our knowledge of the past influencing view on art? In the past, Shakespeare wasnt famous in England. Only after decades his name became known to whole England, and now, he is standing among the greatest writers of all time. same(p) thing with me, I remember how I read Shakespeare poem once and I didnt know who he was. It meant I didnt have knowledge about him , so when I read it I didnt like it that much. I thought it was too simple. However, when I studied about his past, his works and poems in school, my printing about him changed.I updated my memory, thus knowledge about him and it changed my perspectives about his writing. Now when I check off one of his poems, I automatically make a reason about this poem as a good piece of work before actually reading poem itself. So, can it be considered that memory is primaeval WOK in art? What kind of connection between WOKs and memory? For vitrine perception, e.g. seeing by itself is nothing than just lighting is interacting with eye. Use of memory helps to control these pictures and classify them. Thus, our experience of the past helping us to understand the present. But, can we use memory as source of knowledge? For example, sculpture or design in art. Painter should have some information about an object that he wants to draw, as for making sculpture you need to memorize body forms.From all WOKs, reason is mostly depended on memory, as we cant make decisions without using our past memory. Here is another issue arising. How somebody can propose knowledge claims without using a memory? Can I make a logically correct reason without using previous information that already stored in my head? This is a tricky part about memory being a WOK. It is assumed that memory is depended on other WOKs and knowledge stored in memory gained by traditional WOKs, e.g. perception. However, use of these four WOKs imply help of memory, we always use our previous experience in understanding present. Memory is connecting in the buff knowledge to information from our past experience, so items are stored in relation to each other and their meaning coming from the knowledge which they are associated with.This is why for illustrate thinking about ocean, fish, danger and blood automatically pops shark into my conscious mind. Better example for that claim will be Gestalt Theory. It is based o n pictures of different shapes which are forming different elements or things. Whole process is depended on point of your personal view, mainly memory that will trigger from seeing those forms. Famous example of this theory will picture of young lady and old woman. Both of images are correct, but knowledge we get from these shapes are different. It shows significance of using of memory. We see different relations to our memory, thus different pictures. Brain is not interested in storing exact copies, it interested in storing information and it distils and organizes this information for future use. We continually update information in circles. But, sometimes it creates bags in our brain.Example for that will be testimony there is a lot of evidence of false decisions in courts. Memory influenced by our eyewitness and WOKs is giving us incorrect information. By now, I assumed memory as a depended element of gaining knowledge. But, can subroutine of memory be considered as independent source of knowledge, while other WOKs are depending on it? Consider this knowledge claim. Good example for that can be shown in Human science area. Specifically in performance of football player on TV program called Tested to the limit. This player was tried and true in four categories body strength, mental ability, technique and skill.In mental ability category, the coach was asked to give a corner kick to the player. However, as curtly as the coachs foot touched the ball, the lights went out. Player had to stroke in darkness. So, in TOK terms it meant that football player should use only his experience in order to make a reason of the ball public life and succeed. His basic sources of knowledge like perception and language were eliminated. Thus, his memory played a key factor. However, I questioned myself How football player can use his memory to reason without any precondition for using his past experience? Memory wasnt his initial source of knowledge. In the beginning, percep tion was used e.g. he saw how ball was kicked. Reading the body language and subconscious analyze of the ball flight is a result of memory which was triggered by perception. It shows how closely WOKs are interacting with memory.Although, it wasnt initial knowledge, memory took role of basic source of knowledge. Reason was fully depended on memory experience, and produced as result of memory process. Football player succeeded, his subconscious ability has come from thousands of practice hours which filled his mind with so many permutations of halting to tap in to. It is a same as you studying another subject, like learning a new language. You are basically building up experience, learning basic rules of grammar and vocabulary. Thus as you become more fluent in a language, you dont think about it as much.Same with football player, his vast experience gives him inability to intuitively read the game. I could say memory and experience his main weapons in football. To conclude my essay, it is important to judge position of memory in theory of knowledge. As I said before, memory is very tricky concept, it is hard to tell, are the WOKs depended on memory or reverse. In my opinion memory is not a WOK.However it is already included in each of traditional WOKs, as it is playing role of connecting duo between them. Memory is overlaid on top of each other. So, things you learnt make past information you remembered look little bit different. Our memory explains knowledge we gain and relates it to our experience. subroutine of memory is vital, but its power stored in its ability to be storage of our knowledge and experience, because these elements are base of our life.

Nutrition for Pregnant Women, Athletes and Children

Nutrition for Pregnant Women, Athletes and ChildrenIntroduction to NutritionGenetically Modified FoodFoods developed from organisms whose DNA is changed by applying methods of genetic engineering is known as Genetically Modified victualss. Such techniques allow control over foods generic structure and introduce new crop traits.Example in that respect is several genetic limited food, some of them be given belowPesticide resistant rape plantsGolden riceLong-lasting tomatoesSoybeansVaccination bananaGM foods atomic trope 18 derived from organisms whose DNA has been modified artificially, these crops ar to improve yield by providing resistance to plant diseases. In future, genetically modified foods will alter the nourishing content of foods by reducing it hypersensitized portion or improving the efficiency of food production systems.The main wellness concerns for new genetically engineered food revolve slightly being allergic or toxic through the engineered process. FDA repor ts that foods they meet evaluated till now be not comparablely to ca utilize an allergic or toxic reaction (McFadden, 2014).Nonetheless stomach sections presented lawsuitable erosive/necrotic lesions in seven female rats but no one in the panels but no histology was done as these were deliberated to be of no prominence. Even though in senior gentlemans gentlemans who apply aspirin to prevent thrombosis, this preempt cause life-endangering hemorrh climb on (Kok, 2014).Benefits of GM foodSome opportunities to use GM foods for good areBetter resistance against weeds, pest and other diseases such as cornCorn is widely bountiful and an essential grain in the United States.Corn cannot be reproduced without human aid.The below table shows that what % of food is modified in UAEConclusionIn order to decide regarding the use and regulation of these genetically modified plants, one must be healthful(p) informed and mindful of this new technology.Gestational and Maternal NutritionKey viandsary guidelines for a significant womanEating a healthy diet during pregnancy is indispensable for both mother and baby. Nutritious diet can help you promote your babys growth and development.GrainsMany whole-grain and enriched products contain carbohydrate, fiber and iron.Meat, poultry, fish, eggs and beansProtein is important for babys growth during second and third trimesters. Protein, B vitamins are present in foods of this group.Dairy productsDairy products are enriched with atomic number 20. Calcium fortified soy milk helps to ramp up baby bones.Recommended supplements used during pregnancySupplement of folic acid is commonly recommended. Sources recommend 1200 mcg of folate (natural form) per day for maximum benefit.To meet nutritional needs, pregnant women are encouraged to consume a rich, along a daily vitamin and mineral supplement.Recommended food to eatAvocados, Mangoes, Broccoli, Carrots SpinachDHA eggs yogurt, Edamame beansLentils, OatmealNutsFoods to avoid In order to not get ill or misemploy babys health, in that respect are some foods that should be avoided. nutritionary needs of titty feeding mothersWomen are recommended to continue eating nutrition climb diet similarly to how they were eating during their pregnancy. A breast-feeding woman requires 200 more calories than a pregnant woman provided that the calories come from nutritious foods.While breast-feeding two to three servings of protein must be taken each day. Good sources of protein includeMeat PoultrySeafood tofuDairy productsDried beansThe foods that are avoided during pregnancy are also recommended to be avoided during breast feeding because it might cause an allergic reaction or harm to either mother or baby.Nutritional requirements of AthletesKey dietary guidelines for an suspensorFor an athlete there is an excessive and well balanced diet, which is full of nutrition. As an athlete it is necessary to maintain the proper diet , there must be have proper balance o f nutrients, minerals, vitamins and well as calories to improve the performance.SupplementsThe supplements used by athlete are, BS-Vitamins, protein, omega 3 fatty acids (fish oil), vitamin D, magnesium, Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)Athletes requires more amount of nutrients they actually demand from their bodies than even almost equal fitness buffs in order to cook up with the help of nutrients, which can be obtained from foods or supplement, so that performance cab be remained for a long time.In order to achieve them maximum level of performance, there are some recommended food to gain maximum carbohydrate storage, it is suggested by the experts that they need to get around70% of its calories from carbohydrates, along with pasta, fruits, cereals, vegetables etc.Foods to avoidThere are some foods which are recommended to avoid for athletes, these foods are avoidable to meet with the maximum level of great performance. The avoidable foods are including energy and protein bars, sports drink and as well as it is also needful to avoidBefore running a long-drawn-out there are some recommended ways that must be done by an athlete? The foremost tips for them areDont carbo-overloadA body can store sufficient amount of carbohydrates in order to keep them going for around 90 minutes approx., which it has to help to sweltering fat reserves for liveliness require the use of plain and familiar foodsTo avoid from unwanted gas, diarrhea, inflating, it is necessary to take get by from junk foods, avoid unused foods and also keep away from spicy foods as well.Supplements used by body buildersThere are some supplements used by an athlete. It is appropriate for working amazingly, but if diet is not proper then these supplements will not be very much effective. Those supplements are commonly included, multi vitamins, glutamine, creatine, thermogenics, ZMA as well (Perret, 2014).Side effects of supplementsAs it is known that there are several supplements used by an athlete to improve t he efficiency However, not all supplements are effective. Although there disadvantages are more as compared to their advantages. As time passes it weakens the body, in some suits it make the body addicted to these supplements.Nutrition for School-Age Children and estimable LunchboxesKey dietaryThe key dietary for school age children are usually including eat four to five times a day, as well as including snacks, which are healthy for children. Degree of development and frequently eat 4 to 5 times per day, as well as snacks which are full of nutrients. After coming back from schools it is good for them to take healthy snacks, because these snacks contribute more third of the total calorie for the day (Napier, 2014).Supplements recommended during childhoodIn case of required supplements for children, vitamins and minerals are significant elements of the total nutritional needs. The reason is that body is not able to produce more amount of vitamin, therefore some supplements are requ ired to adequate the nutritional need in children. The included supplements are Vitamin A, B, C and D.As body need multiple vitamins, that why vitamins and minerals should be increase in an adequate amount. In certain, a good and increased quantity of protein, iron, calcium and as well as vitamins A and D is necessary.Recommended foodAs calcium is most significant in school age children, therefore it is recommended to increase the amount of calcium in their daily routine. They need calcium around 500 mg per day, and the best basis of this nutrient is cows milk. As well as meat, eggs, wheat is also recommended for them.Foods to avoidThese are the pursual food, which are avoidable at school age of children, for example processed meats, sports drink, canned tomatoes, sugary cereals (Weichselbaum, 2014)Potential food allergensAlong with a food allergy, the human body comes into some reaction process as though that specific food product is risky and unsafe. Due to which the immune syste m of body produces antibodies in order to fight with the food allergen, the constituent in the food that activates the antipathy.In the schools of UAE all types of processed food, as well as all categories of crisps, fries and chocolates are provided, although now it is going to be replaced by healthier selections such as vegetables and healthy fruits in the Northern Emirates state schools and in all Dubai.Ways to Make Food More Fun for childrenIn order to attract children towards healthier foods, there are some interesting ways by which school age children can easily get interest, for example by changing the color of food into their favorite colors, because colorful foods naturally more attracting to children, like this we can maximise their interest, use fun names of their foods.To encourage the use of healthy food in children. Do some additional efforts, a child can detecthungerand comprehensiveness better, Formerly offering a subsequent facilitating or serving, test your child by making them await for a few minutes to observe if they are really still hungry.Healthy snacking vs. Junk foodJunk foods usually have high ranks of calories from sugar or fat along with littleprotein,minerals and vitamins. Foods generally thrifty junk foods contain saltedsnack foods,candy, sweetdesserts, gum, sugarycarbonated beverages and fried fast food. Plain snacks similar plain cereals, vegetables and pasta are correspondingly slightly general.What effect does tobacco/sheesha have on our body and diet?Tobacco is a sort of plant that is usually grown in the southeastern of USA. North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia, are the manufacturers of tobacco (Khan, 2014).Tobacco smoke comprises a poisonous mixture of more than 7,000 toxic elements. In which 70 types of chemicals can cause cancer among the addicted users of pot. Here are some of the chemicals.FormaldehydePolonium 210Vinyl chlorideBenzeneThere are several side effects for long term smokers. Even though the risks regarding health are at high risks among heavy smokers, the usage of tobacco damages the lungs. Condensed lung function and a deteriorating of difficulties from asthma.All smokers are at further risk forcoronary heart diseasePeripheral vascular diseaseHigh cholesterol (LDL)Lung cancerCancer of the mouth, throat and voice boxCancer of the pancreasCancer of the kidney, and urinary bladderChronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseInfluenza The common coldPeptic ulcersAlthough it is not well understood, that smoking can have channelize effects on the daily dietary routine. Smoking is related with cut nutrition intake and subordinate body weight. Nicotine accomplished whichever by operator of smoking or by smokeless routes, is considered the main constituent of tobaccos.There are many negative effects of smoking on human bodies. Nicotine and the poisonous ingredients in cigarettes not solitary trough the body of vitamins and minerals, nevertheless they also chunk absorption of these vigoro us nutrients.Of course tobacco is harmful for body.Percentage of tobacco use in UAE.Several efforts have been done by the government of UAE in order to control the excessive use of smoking in the Arab countries, different number of orders have been made to put health warning on the packets of tobacco and also decided to start some advertisement campaign with the help of TV and radio stations.After several researches it has been observed that the usage of tobacco is not useful for human being, as it damages the lungs, increases the respiratory problems like asthma. Therefore there should have something in order to ban the usage of these types of toxic elements as it is harmful and spoil the precious life of human being. Smoking is self-sufficiently related with reduced bone density of the hip, in body of younger and as well as older persons.What effect does caffeine have on our body and diet?Caffeine is formed by means of numerous plants as a self-protective mechanism, and the caffei ne which is added to soda derives from unused produces of tea and coffee handling.Chemicals existent in caffeine arenitrogenousorganic compoundbelong to thealkaloidgroup, constituents that have noticeable physiological special effects.Sometimes caffeine is safe for alders, but on the other hand it has numerous side effects like it can cause insomnia, vomiting, headache, anxiety and agitation as well, caffeine can also increase heart rate and can disturb the respiration.Even amongst grown person, substantial caffeine usage can become the main reason of unkind side effects. And caffeine possibly will not be a respectable selection for people who are exceedingly delicate to its possessions.As soon as the caffeine enters the body it is previously being metabolized by means of the liver and fragmented into theophylline, theobromine, and paraxanthine. The caffeine metabolites are at that point clarified through the kidneys and after that they exit from the body with the urine.Caffeine als o prevents the quantity of calcium that is engrossed over the gastric tract and exhausts the volume reserved by means of the bones. Caffeine constrains the receptors of vitamin D, which bound the quantity that will be fascinated (Bray, 2014). For the reason that vitamin D is significant in the absorption and as well as the usage of calcium in bone, further this can reduce bone inorganic density, consequential in an augmented danger for osteoporosis.Benefits of CaffeineCaffeine has several side effects like caffeine assorted along with carbsrefills muscle animal starch meditations sooner after isometrics. Therefore caffeine is healthier than sleep while you have to be alert during drivingWe can conclude that caffeine expended by means of ordinary sources is doubtless the preeminent meanwhile numerous of the healthiness welfares of caffeine are perhaps fundamentally because of the extraordinary antioxidant intensities originate by coherent coffee and tea.ReferencesBray, G. A., Popk in, B. M. (2014). Dietary sugar and body weight have we reached a crisis in the epidemic of obesity and diabetes? Health be damned Pour on the sugar. Diabetes care, 37(4), 950-956.http//care.diabetesjournals.org/content/37/4/950.shortKok, E., Pedersen, J., Onori, R., Sowa, S., Schauzu, M., De Schrijver, A., Teeri, T. H. (2014). Plants with stacked genetically modified events to assess or not to assess?.Trends in biotechnology.http//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167779913002527Khan, A., Laronde, D. M. (2014). Waterpipe smoking A healthy alternative to cigarettes or a health hazard in disguise?. Canadian Journal of Dental Hygiene, 48(1).http//web.a.ebscohost.com/abstract?direct=trueprofile=ehostscope=siteauthtype=crawlerjrnl=1712171XAN=95297677h=AzEmhzHPPWlAbfHh5VIyex4T3aYkrBUhX7EKBVrG%2fjuVnCzgQBUsjvM9buJOhAmciOQm370ykgEXoHN%2fmdjNZQ%3d%3dcrl=cMcFadden, B., Lusk, J. (2014). Cognitive Biases in the Assimilation of Scientific Information on Global Warming and Genetical ly Modified Food.http//ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/162532/2/SAEA%202014.pdfNapier, C., Hlambelo, N. (2014). Contribution of school lunchboxes to the daily food intake of adolescent girls in Durban. South African Journal of Child Health, 8(2), 59-63.http//www.sajch.org.za/index.php/SAJCH/article/view/658Perret, C., Shaw, G. (2014). 11 Use of Supplements in Athletes. Sports Nutrition for Paralympic Athletes, 167.http//books.google.com.pk/books?hl=enlr=id=b3pcAgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PA167dq=Nutritional+requirements+of+Athletesots=rpDP8-Vuizsig=IQutYU1r5tOt80PT9__Ld41L7CEv=onepageq=Nutritional%20requirements%20of%20Athletesf=falseWeichselbaum, E., Buttriss, J. L. (2014). Diet, nutrition and schoolchildren An update. Nutrition Bulletin.http//onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nbu.12071/full

Economic Analysis Of The Jamaican Economy Economics Essay

Economic Analysis Of The Jamaican Economy Economics EssayEconomic growingis a term generally measured by the amount of production in a country or region over a certain period of time. It can also be depict as the change magnitude of per capitagross domestic product(gross domestic product) or other measures of aggregate income, typically reported as the annual pose of change in received GDP. Economic yield is primarily driven by cleansements inproductivity, which involves producing more than goods and services with the same inputs of labour, capital, energy and stuffs. For the purpose of this project we go out be concentrating on economic growth in the long run FY 2012-2014.Jamaicas economy faces major long-term jobs a significant merchandise trade (imports and exports) deficit, large-scale unemployment and underemployment, and a public debt-to- piggy Domestic crossway (GDP) ratio of almost 130 per cent. Jamaicas onerous public debt burden the fourth highest per capita is the result of government bailouts to ailing sectors of its economy, most notably the pecuniary sector in the mid-to-late 1990s, and hinders government spending on infrastructure and facilities and kindly programs as public debt servicing accounts for nearly half of government be. ostentatiousness rates rose noticeably in 2008 and have kept on increasing as a result of high prices or pricing for trade food stuffs and oil and gas. High unemployment continues to aggravate the major problem of crime and violence, which includes the gang violence that is fuelled by the drug trade (imports and exports). The Golding led government faces the unvoiced prospect of having to achieve fiscal discipline in order to sustain public debt repayments while simultaneously attacking a major and expanding crime problem that is hampering growth of the economy.The Jamaican Economy has faced many economic challenges over the pass old age especially during the recent recession period. The economy is s till convalescent from the direct hit which the country sustained in 2009 where exports and capital inflows weakened leading to negative growth. A steep depreciation of the nominal exchange rate has raised the cost of servicing variable rate debt, as comfortably as the cost of rolling over existing loans. Amid volatility, macroeconomic policy remained unfaltering despite the downturn. For the Bank of Jamaica (BOJ), defending the currency had to take precedence over inflation targeting and stimulating GDP growth. Such global crisis has also negatively moved(p) the fiscal accounts, with lower revenue and a significantly higher interest bill.The government implemented a new Debt Management Initiative, the Jamaica Debt Exchange (JDX) on January 14, 2010 to mesh future economic downturns, which they had experienced in past years (2007 to 2009), which had resulted in a negative growth period for the country. The initiative would plan holders of Government of Jamaica (GOJ) bonds retu rning the high interest earning instruments for bonds with lower yields and longer maturities. The offer was taken up by over 95% of local financial institutions and was deemed a success by the government.The economic situation of Jamaica has worsened considerably, with the ongoing world financial crisis which has had devastating effects on the economy. The mining sector has been the hardest hit, while touristry and absolutions flows have been on the chastise. Most foreign exchange comes from remittances, tourism, and bauxite. Remittances account for nearly 20% of GDP roughly equivalent to tourism revenues. Three of Jamaicas four bauxite firms suspended operations in 2009 due to falling demand amid the global economic downturn. The country will continue to lose valuable resources from its exports in 2012-2014 while these firms ar out of operation. This rectify in remittances, and a contraction of consumer demand led to a deep recession with stubbornly high unemployment and un deremployment. With such hardship the government of Jamaica had no survival however to turn to the International monetary Fund (IMF), a multilateral lending agency. The government of Jamaica, with help from multilateral bodies, is resolved to addressing the nations challenges more effectively, in that locationby creating a sustainable growth path for join ond foreign investments in the new decade. On the 4th of February 2010 the International Monetary Fund (IMF) approved a US$1.27 billion Stand-By Facility loan agreement for a period of 3 years to underpin structural reforms and help Jamaica to withstand spill-overs of global financial drives that force main revenue streams. The IMF noted The government has triple-crownly completed a domestic debt exchange operation, which has contributed to a more equitable sharing of the burden of the general fiscal adjustment. The exchange has also struck an bewitch balance in terms of delivering necessary cash flow savings while taki ng appropriate account of the need to ensure financial sector stability which should continue for the FY2012-2014. With such great assistance from the IMF, the government believes The upgrade sends a significant designate to outside(a) and local investors and will help in reinforcing confidence in the market for Jamaicas debt. This first step in the recovery of Jamaicas ratings reflects the governments aggressive policy actions as put forward in the economic programme, and the positive impact and success of the JDX.Economic outlookThe launch of the Jamaica Debt Exchange Offer (JDX) in early 2010 has been seen as a positive step in the right direction, and the appreciation of the Jamaican buck since it hit a low of J$89.73 in February 2010 has been slight but steady.The government has begun implementing much needed structural reforms, which should improve the fiscal balance by over 5% of GDP in FY 2010-2014 and onwards. Among them, a debt-swapping plan aimed at achieving interest savings of about 3% of GDP and two-thirds reduction in the amount of maturing debt over the next three years has been successfully implemented, with an acceptance take of almost 97% of bondholders.Governor of the Bank of Jamaica, Wynter B. (2010), stated that The exceptionally high come outicipation rate in the exchange makes the Jamaica Debt Exchange one of the most successful debt exchanges in the world. The JDX replaces 350 high priced government domestic bonds with 24 new bonds, priced at a lower (12.5%) interest rate with longer maturities, providing annual savings of J$40bn. The Governor further stated that Additionally, the magnitude of maturing debt is expected to decline by 65 percent over the next three years, and the significant reduction in the governments refinancing needs will ease the crowding-out effect of the government debt and the upward pressure that this would have placed on domestic rates.Jamaicas four-year programme for the financial year 2010-2014 focuses on four key objectivesTo strengthen government finances by reforming public enterprises and passing a new fiscal responsibility law.Reforms of the financial sector to press systemic risks and enhance the countrys capacity to better withstand external shocks.A pro-active debt management strategy to eliminate debt overhang and reduce debt servicing costs. Jamaica spends J$182bn (US$2.1bn) on annual interest payments, which in turn, crowd out capital expenditures.Make the valuate structure more efficient, whilst improving tax collection and administration. That would increase resources for targeted social projects.Despite the launch of the Jamaica Debt Exchange Offer (JDX), this has been seen by analysiss as a positive step in the right direction, and with the marginal appreciation of the Jamaican dollar in February 2010.The tourism sector, which comprises a sizable chunk of Jamaicas economy, was badly hit by the global economic crisis, but a marginally more approving crime rate as advantageously as new marketing strategies being real by the Jamaica Ministry of Tourism and their counterpart throughout the Caribbean region bodes salubrious for the industrys slow recovery over next five years. The IMF however is saying that they dont foresee Jamaica changing its growth patterns in the near future, stated Charles Ross. The debt has itself become an barrier for growth because the country has to allocate so much of government resources into servicing the debt that very little is left for public investment in infrastructure that would assuage growth.The island of Jamaica however has proven itself resilient by surviving the steepest contraction in world trade since the 1930s, and its macroeconomic fundamentals are slowly but sure enough improving. The government of Jamaica, with help from multilateral bodies, is resolved to addressing the nations challenges more effectively, thereby creating a sustainable growth path for increased foreign investments in the new decade.The 2010/11 budget provides for increased social spending while minify recurrent expenditures.Fitch, the European rating agency, upgraded Jamaicas long-term local and foreign currency Issuer Default ratings to B- (with abiding outlook). Also, Standard Poors and Moodys have upgraded Jamaicas sovereign ratings, reflecting strong commitment to tackling fiscal imbalance and the successful outcome of the Debt Exchange (JDX) programme. The government believes The upgrade sends a significant communicate to planetary and local investors and will help in reinforcing confidence in the market for Jamaicas debt. This first step in the recovery of Jamaicas ratings reflects the governments aggressive policy actions as put forward in the economic programme, and the positive impact and success of the JDX.Economic theory suggests that sustainable increases in real income must be establish on increases in productivity. Productivity may be defined as the amount of output produced (in term s of goods or services) per unit input used. Commonly use measures include labour productivity as output per worker or output per labour-hour, and tot up productivity as output relative to all inputs used. some(prenominal) measures have been used in recent years to explore the dynamics of Jamaicas economic performance.Jamaica continues to rank favourably on a tally of indices of competitiveness and line of merchandise climate. The 2010 Index of Economic Freedom, published by the Heritage Foundation (US), ranks it the 57th freest market of 179 countries, surpassing established EU members such as Portugal, France, Poland, Greece and Italy. The country has a continue record of implementing micro-reforms that help encourage private enterprise and foreign direct investment (FDI).Reforms of trade regime and tax administration for the upcoming period 2011- 2014 should improve Jamaicas global ranking in the future business indicators. This reform is aimed at reducing tariffs, import fe es and some import/export bans and the latter is geared toward simplifying tax payment procedures. Jamaicas relatively flexible labour regulations could be further improved to increase job creation and productivity growth in coming years Dr Williams D. (2010) of the University of the West Indies.The government aims to boost the export sectors contribution to GDP from its current one-fifth to one-third by 2013 through expanding batchs and higher value addition in priority sectors as well as seeking new markets, thereby reducing over-reliance on North America, which in 2008 accounted for 50% of Jamaicas exports.The latest projections by international financial institutions (IFIs) show the economy stabilizing in FY 2010/11 and thereafter (2012-2014). Output is expected to grow at 2%, with inflation abating to 6%. high Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in mining, tourism and other sectors will increase imports. However, continued FDI and gradually rising foreign exchange reserves (forex reserves) should process the impact of current account deficit on the balance of payments. The IMF envisages the external deficit falling to 5% of GDP over the medium-term. The currencys depreciation in real effective terms has improved the competitiveness of exports both visible and invisible (i.e. services). The government aims to cut the budget deficit by half by 2014/15, whilst reducing the net public debt to GDP ratio. In short, Jamaica is putting its house in order.The countrys first long-term development plan Vision 2030 Jamaica (launched in 2008) inspires to attain developed country status by focusing on four core areas a vibrant macro-economy effective governance world class education and discipline (especially science/technology) and greater security and safety. Jamaica has a realistic chance of achieving its national goals by 2030. However for the period 2012-2014 the three industries which are expected to perform well are the financial sector, the tourism industry and the Manufacturing industry.Industry AnalysisFinancial SectorThe financial services industry in Jamaica consists of commercial banks, merchant and self-reliance banks, credit unions, building societies and licensees under the Financial Institutions Act as well as non-deposit taking institutions including insurance companies, development banks and securities dealers. In 2008 there were 129 licensed financial institutions in Jamaica including 7 commercial banks, 46 credit unions, 17 insurance companies and 48 securities dealers, as well as 4 building societies, 3 FIA institutions and 4 development banks. Consistent with the current trend in maturation countries, there are also a large number of foreign exchange Cambios, remittance and money transfer companies and bill payment companies that facilitate transactions between the domestic and international markets.There has been a reduction in the join number of institutions operating in the financial sector over the past decade, from 189 in 1996 to 129 in 2008. The lower numbers reflect closures, mergers and downsizing, with the effect of the most efficient institutions emerging. mercantile banks are the largest sub-group within the financial sector. In 2008, assets of commercial banks accounted for approximately 76.0 per cent of total assets of the financial system, with Building Societies at 19.0 per cent and FIAs at 5.0 per cent.The Financial go Commission (FSC) was established in 2001 and there were several substantial amendments to the Bank of Jamaica Act, Banking Act, Money Laundering Act and Financial Institutions Act. The regulatory framework for the supervision of reward funds and credit unions also has been strengthened. The Jamaica Deposit Insurance Corporation (JDIC) was incorporated in August 1998 to provide insurance against the risk of loss of deposits held in insured financial institutions. The JDIC receives premiums from insured financial institutions at a rate of 0.15% of their total insura ble deposits and the funds are invested to build the Deposit Insurance Fund.After such severe restructuring the financial sector regained some buoyancy which has seen its share of GDP climb to 10.8% to GDP in 2008 and the total assets of deposit-taking institutions in the financial sector increase from J$238.9 billion in 1999 to J$715.8 billion in 2008. However, much of this financial activity has been fuelled by the explosion of domestic debt, which also has seen the increased growth of the Jamaican money market as an intermediary between individual holders of capital and the government securities market (approximately half of the dealers funds under management are with retail clients). This has reduced the ability of the sector to provide the capital needed by the private sector for productive investments. As the sector restructures and the market becomes more competitive, financial institutions continue to refocus their attention to their core functions, as evidenced by increased loans to the productive sectors.Jamaica has considerably strengthened financial system vigilance following a costly financial crisis in 1996-97. The financial system is deep and well-developed, the regulatory framework has in many respects been brought into line with silk hat international practices, and supervision appears to be implemented in a systematic and professional manner. Remaining regulatory gaps and weaknesses in the financial infrastructure are well recognized by the authorities, who have implemented important reforms. Regulatory capital has also increased in most financial institutions to levels that permit a commonsensible degree of resilience against macroeconomic shocks. However, data limitations prevented a full system-wide quantitative analysis of risks.During 2000-2008 the total stock of loans and advances increased by 587 percent and 308 percent, for commercial banks and FIA institutions, respectively. However, the volume of government debt held by these ins titutions decreased. The Bank of Jamaica and the Financial Services Commission continued to strengthen their respective regulatory framework in order to maintain stability within the industry and to conform to new developments in international standards. As at 31 March 2009, the seven commercial banks and two merchant banks (at the time) had total assets of J$582,515,204 billion with liabilities of J$516,216,670 billion resulting in total capital of J$35.649 billion.Manufacturing SectorThe Manufacturing Sector represents a critical fraction of the economies of many developing countries including Jamaica. Jamaicas manufacturing sector is diverse and modern. Products encapsulated under this sectors activities are beverages, processed foods, chemicals, plastics, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals and apparel. The island also produces spices and condiments, canned ackee and callaloo, as well as natural juices, frail drinks, beer, wines, spirits, and liqueurs.The manufacturing sector accounts for 12.8% of GDP per annum, employs approximately 7% of the labour force and is second in terms of sector contribution to real GDP. Jamaicas manufacturing sector grew during 2007 and contributed approximately 12.6% to total GDP, with total revenues surpass US$700mn. Manufactured exports grew by 7.3% in 2007 to US$705.8 million, a denunciation of higher export earnings from both non-traditional and traditional make products andtotal investment in the manufacturing sector facilitated by Jamaica Trade and Invest amounted to J$3.6 billion during 2007. These investments spanned several sub-sectors including agro-processing, plastics, petrochemicals and cementum. The petrochemical sub-sector was positively impacted by the development of an grain alcohol dehydration eagerness at Port Esquivel, St. Catherine. Further expansion also took place in the plastics sub-sector and in the cement sub-sector through modernization and upgrading of clinker and cement production facil ities.However, this boilersuit picture of growth during 2007 was complemented by the Governments focus on increasing productivity in order to impact growth. Government implemented programmes that facilitated international competitiveness include worker skills training, technology upgrading, research and development, the Private Sector Development Programme (PSDP) and the Quality Jamaica Project, which includes training in Hazard Analysis unfavorable Control express (HACCP). Manufactured exports represent approximately 12.6% of GDP in 2007, while the sector employs about 6.1% of the total labour force. Exports grew by 7.3% in 2007 to US$705.8 million, a reflection of higher export earnings from both non-traditional and traditional manufactured products.The global economic crisis in the last quarter of 2008, spurred by the financial collapse in the linked States emerged, which had implications for the productive sector. Devaluation of the dollar, high interest rates, reduced domest ic and export sales, credit crunch, high inflation, soaring oil prices, and skyrocketing input costs of raw material were some of the challenges experienced in the face of the world financial crisis.For the year 2008, the Jamaican economy contract by an estimated 0.6%. Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for the Goods Producing Sectors contracted by 3.0%, while the Services Sectors grew by 0.3%. The performance of the economy was adversely affected by the sharp rise in commodity prices, the incidental decrease in commodity prices due to the global financial crisis, decline in external demand for Jamaican goods and services, sharp decline in the accessibility of capital for fiscal budgetary support and private sector investment as well as the lingering effects of hurricane dean and tropical storm Gustav.The sector contributed 8.5% to GDP and the total employed labour force grew by 3.5% to 80,100 persons. For the period, total manufactured exports also increased amounting to US$1,224 .75 million, an increase of 37.5%. This was attributable chiefly to increased export earnings from Non-traditional Exports of US$1,094.7 million. However, the sector declined by 1.2% due to a challenging environment and the global financial crisis which contracted the performance of the Food, deglutition and Tobacco and Other Manufacturing components of the industry by 2.4% and 0.2%, respectively.Tourism IndustryJamaicas economy relies heavily on tourism, which has become the countrys largest source of foreign exchange. Most tourists remain on the island for several days or weeks, although increasing numbers disembark only briefly from cruise ships at Ocho Rios, Montego Bay and the newly renovated and opened Falmouth Pier. These and other towns on the northern coast, as well as Kingston, are the tourist sectors main bases of activity. Jamaica is famous for its pleasant climate, fine beaches, and superb scenery, including the waters of Montego Bay and the majestic glum Mountains.I ndustry PerformanceThe tourism industry has shown strong and sustained growth since Independence. The total number of visitor arrivals to Jamaica has grown from some 271,692 in 1962 and 670,202 visitor arrivals in 1982 to a total of 2,860,544 visitor arrivals in 2008, an annual increase of 5.3% over the 46 year period. The island saw a record 3,016,898 visitors in 2006. The islands tourism alteration stock increased from 10,327 rooms in 1982 to29,794 rooms in 2008, while total receipts from tourists grew from US$337.8 million in 1982 to US$1,975.5 million in 2008. The development of the tourism sector over this period has seen an increase in the relative importance of cruise passenger arrivals which grew from 29% of total visitor arrivals in 1982 to 38 % of total arrivals in 2008. There also has been the emergence of globally competitive Jamaican-owned all inclusive hotel chains such as Sandals, SuperClubs and Couples, and the diversification of tourism markets including growth in arrivals from the United Kingdom, Europe andthe Caribbean in addition to the traditional North American markets.As one of the best-known island destinations, Jamaica enjoys significant competitive advantages in Tourism and Travel Services. Based on its strong brand image, an appealing natural environment and human and cultural assets, the Jamaican Tourism industry has been determine as one of the key industrial clusters deemed capable of driving sustainable economic growth in the long term. Jamaica has had a long experience as a tourist destination, being a favoured retreat for travelers from Europe since the eighteenth century. The tourism industry, however, started in earnest in the late nineteenth to early twentieth century, with the first systematic efforts by Government to promote the industry, and by private investors to establish large hotels. The emergence of the industry coincided with the rapid economic growth of the United States, which has remained the main source of vi sitors up to the present.Jamaica has been one of the best-known resort vacation destinations in the world for decades. Originally known for its stunning physical beauty and as a playground for the rich and famous, the island has since seen its tourism industry experience significant growth and diversification. Jamaica currently boasts one of the most diverse visitor accommodation sectors in the Caribbean, including world-famous all-inclusive resorts, upscale hotels and villas, and a range of distinctive tourist accommodations and attractions.While the tourism sector is a major earner of foreign exchange there is a relatively high leakage of these benefits through imports of goods and services and payments of interest and investment income to overseas providers of capital. In order to retain more of the value added by the tourism sector linkages between the tourism and the other sectors of the economy, including agriculture, manufacturing and services need to be enhanced.In-depth ana lysis of the manufacturing industryManufacturing SectorThe Manufacturing Sector represents a critical component of the economies of many developing countries including Jamaica. Jamaicas manufacturing sector is diverse and modern. Products encapsulated under this sectors activities are beverages, processed foods, chemicals, plastics, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals and apparel. The island also produces spices and condiments, canned ackee and callaloo, as well as natural juices, soft drinks, beer, wines, spirits, and liqueurs.The manufacturing sector accounts for 12.8% of GDP per annum, employs approximately 7% of the labour force and is second in terms of sector contribution to real GDP. Jamaicas manufacturing sector grew during 2007 and contributed approximately 12.6% to total GDP, with total revenues exceeding US$700mn. Manufactured exports grew by 7.3% in 2007 to US$705.8 million, a reflection of higher export earnings from both non-traditional and traditional manufactu red products andtotal investment in the manufacturing sector facilitated by Jamaica Trade and Invest amounted to J$3.6 billion during 2007. These investments spanned several sub-sectors including agro-processing, plastics, petrochemicals and cement. The petrochemical sub-sector was positively impacted by the development of an ethanol dehydration facility at Port Esquivel, St. Catherine. Further expansion also took place in the plastics sub-sector and in the cement sub-sector through modernization and upgrading of clinker and cement production facilities.However, this overall picture of growth during 2007 was complemented by the Governments focus on increasing productivity in order to impact growth. Government implemented programmes that facilitated international competitiveness included worker skills training, technology upgrading, research and development, the Private Sector Development Programme (PSDP) and the Quality Jamaica Project, which includes training in Hazard Analysis Cri tical Control Point (HACCP). Manufactured exports represent approximately 12.6% of GDP in 2007, while the sector employs about 6.1% of the total labour force. Exports grew by 7.3% in 2007 to US$705.8 million, a reflection of higher export earnings from both non-traditional and traditional manufactured products.The global economic crisis in the last quarter of 2008, spurred by the financial collapse in the United States emerged, which had implications for the productive sector. Devaluation of the dollar, high interest rates, reduced domestic and export sales, credit crunch, high inflation, soaring oil prices, and skyrocketing input costs of raw material were some of the challenges experienced in the face of the world financial crisis.For the year 2008, the Jamaican economy contracted by an estimated 0.6%. Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for the Goods Producing Sectors contracted by 3.0%, while the Services Sectors grew by 0.3%. The performance of the economy was adversely affected by the sharp rise in commodity prices, the subsequent decrease in commodity prices due to the global financial crisis, decline in external demand for Jamaican goods and services, sharp decline in the availability of capital for fiscal budgetary support and private sector investment as well as the lingering effects of hurricane Dean and tropical storm Gustav.The sector contributed 8.5% to GDP and the total employed labour force grew by 3.5% to 80,100 persons. For the period, total manufactured exports also increased amounting to US$1,224.75 million, an increase of 37.5%. This was attributable mainly to increased export earnings from Non-traditional Exports of US$1,094.7 million. However, the sector declined by 1.2% due to a challenging environment and the global financial crisis which contracted the performance of the Food, Beverage and Tobacco and Other Manufacturing components of the industry by 2.4% and 0.2%, respectively.Economic outlook for the Manufacturing sectorA more economi c perspective for the Jamaican manufacturing is to see interest rates trending down, Banks beginning to make loans and sustained stability in the exchange rate. This sector is showing some renewed buoyancy and has shown significant growth over the last two quarters. Despite the tough economic conditions, manufacturing is predicted to contribute positively as this area will be a focal part for the government as this area should harness more growth and development. The government expects to boost this sector to create employment through the money it receives from the International Monetary Fund (IMF). We expect that this will continue, as this is a very important sector representing a large chunk of overall GDP. So whatever happens to manufacturing will have an overall impact on the economy. These are some very good investment opportunities for the manufacturing sector for the coming years.Agro- processing Canned vegetables and canned harvest present good opportunities for investment in the food processing sector.Chemicals and chemical products Reference is being made particularly to aluminium sulphate, detergents and paints, which showed steady growth in 2007. This is expected to continue as the construction industry is projected to grow by 4.5 percent in 2008 which will be facilitated by the growth in Non-residential and hotel sectors as well as expansion of the sea and airports.Bio- technology Jamaica is blessed with a number of indigenous herbs which can be used in the progress of health and wellness.Food processing, Beverages and Tobacco The food processing sector grew by 3.3 per cent in 2007, while growth in the beverages and tobacco sun-sectors stood at 1.8 per cent. These sectors are expected to grow due to the anticipated increase in the food production.For the Manufacturing Sector in Jamaica the identification of strengths and weaknesses represents the internal assessment of the sector while the reflexion of opportunities and threats represents the analysis of the external environment for the sector.STRENGTHSSourcing and ProcurementCurrent availability of high quality raw Jamaican materials (including agricultural products, limestone, cement)Strong international supply relationships simplification of duties on imported raw materialsProductionLargest contributor to GDP of all goods-producing sectorsWorld-class enterprises in several manufacturing subsectors and industries (including food processing and beverage industries, paint, plastic containers) expertness to make high quality productsNumerous small and diverse production facilities allowing for a range of focused niche markets and productsEnvironmentAvailability of some discolour raw materialsLimited use of environmentally friendly/clean production technologiesFinanceDownward trend in deposit interest rates do equity investments in manufacturing relatively more attractiveHuman ResourcesLarge employer of labourPool of trainable workforceInnovativene

Earthing System Lightning

earthing System Lightning1.1Introduction Earthing remains electrodes atomic number 18 used to divert spirited currents to the macrocosm. in that locationfore a proper design of an orbing formation is compulsory to flash high currents magnitude to the earth safely regard slight the blot typewrite. Lightning and other surges subject the electrical power system to high magnitude and fast rise-time transient currents and potential differences requires dissipation to earth in controlled methods. In order to minimise cost to the electrical equipments and base hit measures wealthy person to be taken to protect the human beings. On high voltage transmission and dissemination systems, lightning protection and insulation co-ordination schemes atomic number 18 employed to protect power system equipment from damage. The main factor that determines the effectiveness of these schemes is the farming underground properties of the earth.In this thesis, the performance of plagia rise turbine hide systems subjected to power absolute frequency and impulses is investigated by considering both their high frequency and transient behaviour.1.2 Earthing System FunctionsEarthing systems are knowing primarily for power frequency earth fault conditions. However, certain plant within substations such as surge arresters will provide a path to earth for transient currents and in such cases the stocks press the installation of a high frequency earth electrode, usually an earth rod 1.1. High frequency earth electrode means that the earth rod is to dissipate to earth all the high frequency components of the transient. In practice, all the parts of the earthing system are interconnected and may play a graphic symbol in the dissipation of both power frequency faults and surges. In the case of wind turbine there will earthing termination system especially designed for lightning protection..1.3 Components of earthing systems Generally, substation earthing grids consist o f a system of conductors buried in the ground occupying an area related to the dimensions of the substation. Additional components may include the metallic sheaths of cables and earth wires of tower lines and their associated tower footings. These extended earth systems emanate from the substation and are bonded solidly to the earth grid. The performance of these components is difficult to predict because soil has a non-homogeneous resistivity ranging from 10 to 10,000 m 1.2.1.4 arc turbine earthing systemIEC 61400-24 IEC technical Report of wind turbine generation lightning protection 1.3 states that each turbine must be equipped with its own earth termination system, even if it connected to a general wind farm earthing system. The report 1.3 described the basic requirements for lightning protection of the windfarm. Earthing systems should be designed in accordance with ICE 61024-1 type of lighting protection of structures 1.4. This standard recommends two types of earth electrod e systems for wind turbines and are referred to as type A and lawsuit B arrangements.1.4.1Type A arrangement This type employs of horizontal or vertical electrodes connected to each raze conductor in the case of wind turbine the down conductor would be the wind turbine tower.1.4.2Type B arrangement This type uses a ring earth electrode external to the structure soil. A wind turbine normally uses the Type B arrangement with a ring earth electrode placed around the foundation reinforced 1.3 as can be seen in Figure 1. in the standard the ring earth requires to be in contact with the soil for at least 80% of its total length of a foundation earth electrode. The ring electrode should be buried to a depth of at least 0.5m. However, Additional vertical and horizontal earth electrodes may be used in combination with the ring electrode. The radius of the ring electrode will therefore normally be defined by the radius of the turbine foundation and extra conductors may have to be installed as stated below.Figure 1. Typical wind turbine earthing arrangement Foundation reinforced bar normally bonded to lightning protection earth straighten out viewWind turbine tower 2m vertical electrodesTransformerIf the recommended 10W resistance by 1.4 is not achieved then an additional horizontal or f vertical electrodes may be used in combination with the ring electrode.Also, in the standard it states that no more than 50m of the horizontal electrode can be attached to the wind turbine, may be a low resistance value achieved, but could have high transient impedance due to high series impedance of the conductor.1.5 Soil resistivityConduction properties of soil are historic, particularly its specific resistivity. The soil resistivity is one of the main factors determining the resistance of both earth electrode. Most soils and rocks are poor conductors of electricity when dry. The exceptions to this are certain mineral bodies. However when soils contain water, the resistivity drop s, and they may then be considered as moderate conductors, although they are truly poor when compared with metals. For example, pure copper resistivity is 1.6cm whilst a quite normal value for soil would be 10,000 cm. The resistivity is determined by the following factorsa) type of soil b) chemical composition of the soil c) concentration of salts dissolved in pore water d) overall moisture content e) temperature f) grain size and the distribution of grain size 1.2.1.6Tolerable voltage During a ground fault on a transmission line, a number of towers near the fault are possible to acquire high authorisation. Potential gradients are in any case set up in the ground surface and these may present a hazard to human and livestock. These hazard voltages are generally referred to as touch and step potentials, which are defined 1.5 as followsa) The touch potential is the difference between the earth potential rise (EPR) and the surface potential at the burden where a person is standing , while at the equivalent time having his hand in contact with a ground structure 1.5.b) The step potential is the difference in surface potential experienced by a person bridging a distance of 1m with his feet without contacting any other grounding object 1.5.There are limits placed on the allowable EPR of an earthing system as stated in International telecommunication Union ITU-T 1.6. These limits are as follows.650 V for sites fed from high reliability lines where faults are rare and cleared quickly (200 ms maximum).430 V for sites fed from lines having standard protection.The limits of touch and step potentials are related to the current that can be withstood by a human body before there is a sound risk of fatality 1.5, 1.7. A magnitude in the order of 50mA is sufficient to cause ventricular fibrillation, which will normally result in death 1.8-1.9.1.7 banner Lightning proneness The lightning impulse is characterised by three parameters, the peak current magnitude, the time to peak current and time to half peak current which is the time required for the current impulse to decay to half of its peak magnitude. However, standard lightning impulse shapes are generally described by the peak current or voltage and the time to the peak T1 and the time to the half peak T2 and usually written as T1/T2 in microseconds defined as the rise-time. e.g. a 10kA, 5/20ms.Figure 1.2 Lightning ImpulseLightning impulses are usually described by their peak current (or voltage) and by T1 and T2 written as T1/T2 in microseconds. e.g. a 10kA, 5/20ms impulse.1.7 Standards Applicable to Earthing Systems There are UK and international standards provide guidelines to different earthing systems configurations design. These standards are concerned with power frequency earthing systems design and give limited guidance when earthing system subjected to transient conditions. These standards areEngineering Association Technical Specification 41-24 (EA TS 41-24), Guidelines for the trop e, Testing and Maintenance of Main Earthing Systems in Substations (UK) 1.1. This standard recognises that equipment such as surge arresters and CVTs are more likely to pass high frequency current due to the low impedance they present to steep fronted surges. This standard suggests that unless a low impedance earth connection is provided, the effectiveness of a surge arrester may be compromised. It is therefore recommended that the connection from the equipment to earth should be as short, and as free from changes in direction, as is practicable. Another guideline in the same standard states that the effectiveness of a surge arrester can be improved by placing a high frequency earth electrode in its immediate vicinity. The standard does not specify any quantitative limits such as over all earthing impedance limit.ANSI/IEEE standard 80 1.5 Guide for safety in AC substation grounding widely used throughout the world. This standard does not provide detailed guidance for designing for e arthing systems subjected to transient conditions. However, it considers that an earthing system that is designed to be safe for power frequency faults should also be safe for transient faults. This is based on the assumption that the human body can withstand higher currents for very short duration. It also considers the safety issues and defines the touch and step potential and provides equation which can be calculated.CENLEC HD 637 SI, Power Installation Exceeding 1kV ac or 1.5kV dc 1.10. The standard provides measures to reduce the count of interference created when surges are dissipated to earth. These measures include reducing the inductance of the current path by significantly meshed the earthing system. Moreover, the connection to the earthing system should be as short as possible. BS 6651 3 Protection of structures against lightning the standard recommends that the earthing system designed for lightning protection should have an earth resistance of less than 10W. The same r equirement appears in BS 61400-242002 Wind turbine generator system __ Lightning protection with some details regarding earthing system arrangements as mentioned previously.1.9 Aims of the researchWind turbines become the largest growing electrical energy in the world.Wind farms, however, have particular requirements for earthing compared with conventional electrical installations. They are often very extensive, stretchiness over several kilometres and subject to frequent lightning strikes due to the height of the structures and their location on high rocky terrain with associated high earth resistivity. Consequence of these developments, there is an growth in fault current associated with windfarms and an increase in the probability of a lightning strike a wind turbine. Therefore, the protection of human beings and livestock becomes more important due to the trend towards large scale high capacity wind farms.The aims and the objectives of this work therefore can be summarised by the followingTo review the methods that representing the wind turbine earthing system and their limitations To develop models that produce more accurate results.To use computer simulation to overcome problems in modelling of the wind turbines earthing systemTo mail out computer simulations in order to investigate the importance of the wind turbine steel tower in modelling of wind turbine earthing system.Design mitigation techniques for fast surge injections.To carry out soil resistivity using a 2-D technique in order to obtain a soil model to be used for Wind Turbine earthing simulations.To carry out dc, ac and impulse measurement of resistance/ impedance of an isolated wind turbine.To carry out dc, ac and impulse measurement of resistance/ impedance of the wind farm interconnected at the location of wind turbine used in point above.To carry out measurement of safety voltages (step and touch voltages) around an isolated wind turbine.To carry out measurement of safety voltages (step and touch voltages) around the same wind turbine when its earthing system is bonded / connected to the wind farm earthing network.To obtain details of the design and construction of the test wind turbine (s) for CDEGS simulation purposes.To heap conclusions and suggest recommendations for a better estimation of Wind farm earthing systems and related safety precautions.1.10 References1.1 Technical Specification 41-24, Guidelines for the Design, Testing andMaintenance of Main Earthing Systems in Substations, ElectricityAssociation, 1992.1.2 Tagg, G. F. Earth Resistance. Gorge Newnes Limited. (London), 1964.1.3 IEC Technical Report, Wind Turbine Generation System -24 Lightning Protection, TR61400-24, 2002.1.4 IEC International Stand Protection of Strictures against Lightning IEC61024-1998.1.5 IEEE guide for safety in AC substation grounding, ANS/IEEE standard 80, 2000.1.6 ITU-T (International Telecommunication Union) Calculating Induced Voltage and Currents in Practical Cases. Volume II, 1999 1.7 International Electrotechnical Commission IEC Report 479-1 Effects of current passage through the human body, IEC, 1984.1.8 Electricity Association Engineering Recommendation S.34 A guide for assessing the rise of earth potential at substation sites. Engineering Management Conference, may 1986.1.9 IEEE IEEE Std 81.2-1991, IEEE Guide for measurement of Impedance and Safety Characteristics of Large, Extended of Interconnected Grounding Systems, The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, New York, 1991.1.10 HD 637S1, Power Installations Exceeding 1kV AC, European committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation (CENELEC) 1999.1.11 BS 6651, Code of Practice for Protection of Structures Against Lightning,British Standards Institution, 1992.

Superman vs. Christ Essay -- essays research papers

Faster than a speeding bullet, stronger than a locomotive, jumps tall buildings in a single bound. Superman is known throughout the world for being the savior of a city called Metropolis. In every comic book, movie, or execution figure ever presented to the public, Superman is a handsome, strong man who can defeat all odds at all times. The movie Superman was a success, showing how the superhero saved lives and yet lived a humble life. As one watches the movie, though, he might notice the many similarities between the plot of the movie and the narrative of Christs coming. Superman, savior of the city Metropolis, mirrors the Savior of the world, Jesus Christ.Throughout the movie Superman, the names and the actions of the characters were similar to those of the Holy Bible. Two of the major name references to the scriptural version deal with Superman (Kah-lel) and his father, Jor-el. In the Greek language, the name Jor-el means God, while the name Kah-lel means Little God. Another in stance where the name lame is played is in the case of Supermans parents, Martha and John. It does not seem as if there is any other way to make these names be closer to Mary and Joseph, who are the parents of Christ. Zod and Ursula are two other characters present in the movie whose names may not be similar to those in the Bible, but represent the devil and all that is considered evil. These are some of the examples of how the use of names plays an important role in linking Superman the movie to th...

Artists Should not be Resposible for Explicit Lyrics and their Impact on Kids :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Artists Should not be Resposible for Explicit Lyrics and their Impact on Kids Turn that music off I dont want you earreach to that kind of music. Many teens these days be experiencing this kind of thing almost every day. Many parents, in general, pass complained and tried to regulate the music that teens are listening to these days. They complain that the music industry shouldnt be able to sell and produce the pellucid CDs. The music industry gets a lot of criticism some the music that they put out on the market. Most of the criticism comes from the parents. There are bills passed, such as the Parental Advisory Program, which enforce that CDs with explicit lyrics have to have a label on them that state, Explicit Lyrics or Explicit Content (Parental Advisory). This sticker cautions the person who buys the CD that there is bad language or content. The recording industry takes serious responsibility to help parents identify the music with explicit lyrics.The battle betwe en the parents and the music industry still continue to this day. The Parents practice of medicine Resource Center (PMRC) still thinks that there should be more of a regulation on the music than what there is now. The gangsta rap is just to vulgar for young teens to be listening to. It brainwashes them and sometimes even persuade them to do unlawful things (Hip-Hop Lyrics). On the other hand the music industry has the Parental Advisory Program. Therefore if the CDs with the explicit lyrics were restricted in any way it would bring unconstitutional obstacles on the First Amendment right of artists to express themselves freely, and their fans right to hear what the artists express whatever the submit might be (Explicit Lyrics). Many say, What about Cop Killer doesnt that depict that they go out and gunning down cops as a hobby of some sort. Rapper Ice-T himself comes back with, Cop Killer is a work of musical fiction used in the hip-hop world (Hip-Hop Lyrics). Some people ar gue that the explicit lyrics label actually boosts the sales by drawing attention to the labeled album. Warning labels sell albums. A lot of groups want warning labels (Between...Place). Many believe that stores should have more of a restriction on which they sell the explicit CD too.